DO you know what is the one thing every human seeks from the moment they understand what it means to be human until they die? I will give you the infallible answer: it is ‘happiness’. Take a moment to reflect on yourself; you will find that you have also been searching for ‘happiness’ every day and night, and even now, in your current situation, you are still pursuing ‘happiness’.
In childhood, we searched for happiness in playing and eating activities. When we reached adulthood, we sought happiness in our ability to provide for our needs and fulfill our emotional desires. As we age into the later stages of life, with declining health, we build happiness through exercises, medication, and engaging in activities we are passionate about, such as gardening, walking, enjoying music, or finding peace through meditation or religion. We continuously seek ‘happiness’ in ways that suit us best, isn’t that, right?
Here, I want to ask two questions: Have you truly found and felt happiness? Have you achieved satisfaction to the extent that you desire? In fact, you might be surprised to know that the ‘happiness’ we are searching for until the end of our lives is already within us. Please don’t be surprised, my friend. Now, I would like to share with you a study paper about the key points of ‘happiness’ conducted by a group of scientists. They are as follows:
If you were asked the question “What is happiness?”, then what would be your answer? It may be hard for you to come up with a clear-cut answer. Your answer may be different from those of other people. Moreover, the definition of happiness may change over time - today’s view on happiness may be a different one tomorrow. Thus, happiness is a difficult concept to measure, because it is not constant.
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2016), ‘happiness’ means ‘a state of well-being and contentment’. Psychologically, when you are in a peaceful state of mind or when you have no stressful factors to think about, you are most likely to feel relaxed and happy. Whatever you are - a student, a worker, a housewife, or a pensioner, happiness means a better quality of life.
A group of scientists who have examined a number of studies from across the world have suggested ten ways to achieve happiness:
1. Have a good relationship with friends and family
It seems reasonable to assume that what makes people really happy is their relationships with others. Having a wide circle of friends and family is more enjoyable than having a lot of money. In addition, people with large families and lots of close friends are
happier than people who live on their own. Sometimes you may not be in a good mood or may feel depressed. At that time, if you hang out with friends or spend time with your family, your stressful feelings will be released. It has even been suggested that a happy home life and good friends can protect against illness.
2. Love your work and enjoy what you are doing
Some people feel passionate about their work and love what they are doing. In fact, job satisfaction and career success are important factors for your happiness. For example, you tend to achieve happiness when you can accomplish the tasks you have undertaken or when you become prosperous while doing the work you enjoy.
3. Be kind and help others
Treating everyone with kindness is another key element of happiness. Acts of kindness have the potential to make the world a happier place. According to studies by psychologists in different countries, when you help other people, it is not only good for them, it also makes you feel happier. A new survey has also revealed that generous people are happier and healthier than those who are not. The idea is that generosity gives them a nice, warm feeling when people say ‘thank you’ and show appreciation.
4. Don’t be envious of other people
The biggest barrier to happiness is envy, which is a state of desiring other people’s qualities, possessions, opportunities, etc. In your school or workplace, you will find yourself around people who are doing much better than you are. In that case, if you try not to judge yourself against other people, you will certainly be happier. People who are envious of others are more likely to experience negative emotions such as inferiority, dejection and depression. The best thing you should do is try to replace envy with such positive emotions as sympathy or empathetic joy.
5. Have better physical and mental health
Good health also is vital for happiness. It is undeniable that healthy people are happier than those who are not. To achieve true happiness, you must be fit, both physically and mentally - a happy person has better physical and mental health. It is widely known
that your mind and body are closely connected. If you feel stressed out, you are likely to experience fatigue and muscle tension. Similarly, if you feel happy and calm, you are likely to have more mental energy and more physical vitality.
6. Have a feeling of contentment
Contentment is the key to happiness - people who accept what they have are happier than people who crave for more career success and money. A recent survey shows that the simplest things in life are the most important for you. You tend to be happy with simple things, like a walk in a park, a beautiful sunset and an evening with a friend. It is true that people need to have a reasonable amount of material possessions, but wanting more than what is necessary breeds greed and frustration.
7. Get rich
Most people believe that money is the best way to find happiness. Of course, a person needs money to some extent in order to live comfortably. Rich people often consider that they are happy as they can buy expensive houses, new cars, big yachts and designer clothes. However, some people think happiness does not depend on money. Nevertheless, we can see many people trying to get rich in every possible way in the hope of achieving happiness in life.
8. Have a positive attitude to life
It is often said that life is composed of positive elements and negative elements. Having a positive attitude to life is a good way of finding happiness. For example, when you encounter difficulties in your school or work, you may feel disappointed and downhearted. At such a time, you must try to adopt a positive attitude to cope with these problems. You must also learn how to live contentedly with the negative elements of life rather than attempt to live a life where nothing bad ever happens. If you respond very positively to everything that happens, you will surely find happiness.
9. Think back to sweet memories from the past
You may be in a bad mood or feel downhearted from time to time, simply because you are looking inside you, thinking about bad things. A group of psychologists have discovered that thinking back to pleasant incidents in the past can improve your mood and make you more cheerful. For example, think about something in your childhood that gives you great pleasure, look at old photos showing happy events, or recall hearing news of someone’s good fortune. These sweet memories can put you in a better mood -they can make you smile, laugh, or feel joyful.
10. Practise meditation or mindfulness
Nowadays, people may suffer from work-related stress, which leads to severe diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. To reduce stress, people practise meditation, which is also known as mindfulness. The idea is that you find a clean floor, sit still, and pay attention to what is happening to you at that very moment. You should not think about the past or the future, just the present. Meditation will ease the tension in your body, clear your mind of negative thoughts, and give you a sense of inner peace and wellbeing.
Now that you have read the 10 findings of scientists on ‘happiness’, you should see that ‘happiness’ is an inherent value within us. It is our own mind that makes us unhappy. Once you understand this and apply it, for example, by practising the concept in point four or using the principles in points two or eight, you will find there is nothing more you need for ‘happiness’. You will have built complete ‘happiness’. People often overlook what is too close to them, like the saying goes, “too close to see.” It is unfortunate that we do not develop the virtues within us and instead, search for ‘happiness’ outside until the end of our lives. So, from today onwards, I encourage you to just be happy.

Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar

THE military is often viewed primarily as a force for national defence and security. However, its contributions extend far beyond the battlefield. The military not only produces disciplined and skilled soldiers but also plays a significant role in the cultural, social, and economic development of a nation. One notable example is Kyaw Swe, a former soldier who became a celebrated actor in Myanmar. Now, let me explore the various ways in which the military contributes to the country, highlighting its role in producing good citizens and fostering talent in diverse fields. 

The military is a place where disciplined and skilled soldiers are trained. Soldiers learn to follow rules, stay focused, and complete their duties with care. The military provides tough training that builds both physical strength and mental focus. It also teaches important skills, such as teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving. At the same time, soldiers develop strong moral values and good character. They learn honesty, loyalty, and respect for others, which are important qualities for any person. These values help soldiers not only in their military duties but also in their personal lives, making them good soldiers and responsible individuals. 

Kyaw Swe is a great example of a military member who made significant contributions to the arts. Before becoming a famous actor, he served in the military, where he gained discipline, courage, and a strong sense of responsibility. These qualities played an important role in his success as an artist. Military training helps develop focus, determination, and resilience, which can enhance artistic talents. For Kyaw Swe, the discipline and leadership he learned in the army allowed him to create meaningful and powerful films that inspired many people. His life shows how military experience can help individuals succeed in the world of art and culture. Here, the readers will see his great talents. 

Kyaw Swe, a famous actor, was known for his roles in action, romance, and natural-themed films. However, he directed only one war film, “Pearl Tears”, which became a very popular movie. Because of his experience as a soldier, Kyaw Swe faced no difficulties in directing this war film. The movie became so successful that it left a remarkable mark in Myanmar’s film history. 

Although Kyaw Swe acted in many films with actress Khin Yu May, “Pearl Tears” was considered their best work together. Their performances in the movie were so perfect that their on-screen chemistry reached new heights. Kyaw Swe was a talented and outstanding actor, admired by many in the Myanmar film industry. Unfortunately, despite his skills, he never won an Academy Award. His expressions and actions spoke louder than words, showcasing deep meaning and emotion. 

Kyaw Swe was born in Bago on 10 February 1924, a Sunday. His birth name was Maung Aung Thein, and his parents affectionately called him “Mauni”. He was the third child out of five siblings. His father, U Ba Hnit, was a government officer, and his mother, Daw Ohn Sein, was a homemaker. When his family moved to Yangon, he attended ABM School in Kyimyindine Township until the second grade. He later continued his studies at St John’s School for Boys, where he passed the tenth grade in 1942. 

Early Life as a Soldier 

During the colonial period, Maung Aung Thein joined the British Royal Air Force and trained in Myitkyina. When World War II broke out, he walked from Myitkyina to Bago with a group of seven companions. Along the way, five of them died, leaving only him and one other to survive. Once he returned to Bago, he joined the Burma Independence Army (BIA) with a strong patriotic spirit. He served under Captain Bala as a sergeant major. After the BIA was reorganized into the Burma Defense Army (BDA), he continued to serve as an officer. 

During the Japanese occupation, he worked as a police officer in Moulmein (Mawlamyine) and Bago while secretly op posing the Japanese. He joined the resistance movement and fought against fascism. After the war, he planned to attend a police officer training course in Mandalay. However, his friends convinced him to pursue a career in acting instead. 

Beginning of Acting Career

Kyaw Swe struggled during his early days in the film industry. He faced many challenges in becoming a film actor. After several attempts, he met director U Tin Nwe, who introduced him to U Ba Shin of British Burma Films. U Ba Shin admired his handsome looks and confident personality. However, U Ba Shin set a unique condition: Kyaw Swe had to dive from the roof top of a three-story building to qualify as the second lead actor. Kyaw Swe agreed. 

At that time, Director U Ba Shin was filming “Saw Ya San Sha” in Mandalay with lead actor Tin Pe and actress May Myint. A One and British Burma Films had a habit of coming up with unique ways to film movies, so U Ba Shin organized a casting event by having people dive from the rooftop of a three-storey building in downtown Mandalay to generate public interest in his ongoing movie. Among the excited audience was a young man named Maung Aung Thein. When it was his turn, he bravely dived from the rooftop and landed gracefully on the ground, impressing U Ba Shin. Consequently, U Ba Shin chose him as the second lead actor and gave him the stage name “Kyaw Swe”. From that moment on, Maung Aung Thein became known as the actor Kyaw Swe. 

Success in Film 

Kyaw Swe was passionate about improving Myanmar’s film industry. In 1969, he went to Japan to study filmmaking. After returning from Japan, he wrote scripts, acted, and directed his films, establishing his own film production company, “Moe Films”. One of the notable films produced by his company was “Pearl Tears”. This film was a large-scale production focused on the Anti-Chinese Riots, co-starring with actress Khin Yu May. Kyaw Swe’s films were known for their emphasis on cinematography, resulting in visually stunning scenes that were vibrant and expressive. Throughout his career, Kyaw Swe acted with many famous actresses such as May Shin, May Myint, Mary Myint, May Thit, Myint Myint Khin, San Shar Tin, Tin Tin Mu, Hnin Hsi, Khin Lay Swe, Khin Nann Myint, and Khin Yu May. Most of his later films were produced with Khin Yu May as his co-star. 

Moreover, Kyaw Swe was a former soldier, and his military experience greatly enhanced his acting skills. Having served in the military, he brought a deep sense of realism and authenticity to his roles, which was evident in every performance. His disciplined approach and the intensity he conveyed in his characters made his portrayals stand out. He was not just playing a role; he was bringing his own life experiences into his work, which resonated deeply with audiences.

In the movie “Pearl Tears”, Kyaw Swe’s portrayal of a soldier was nothing short of remarka ble. The film, which dealt with significant themes and dramatic scenes, required a strong and believable performance, and Kyaw Swe delivered just that. His depiction of the character’s struggles and resilience was powerful and moving. Even as a child, I remember being truly captivated by his performance, which was both convincing and compelling.

Kyaw Swe’s military back ground not only made him a seasoned actor but also brought a sense of authenticity to his roles. His ability to convincingly portray a soldier in “Pearl Tears” is a testament to his talent and dedication. His performances were not just acts; they were re flections of his own experiences and understanding. This depth and realism made a lasting impression on me and undoubtedly on many others who watched his films.

In 1976, while filming “Saturday Night, 9 pm” with director Ye Baw Thet Shay, Kyaw Swe got a stroke. He passed away on 15 August 1982, at the age of 58. He appeared in 52 films throughout his career. Beyond his artistic contributions, Kyaw Swe was a patriot who fought for Myanmar’s independence. He remains a highly respected figure in both Myanmar’s film and history. 

In brief, Kyaw Swe’s life that had much experience in military service, and career serve as a remarkable example of dedication, talent, and patriotism. From his early days as a soldier to his success in the film industry, he demonstrated the values of discipline, resilience, and a deep love for his country. His contributions to both Myanmar’s independence and its cultural heritage have left a lasting impact. Kyaw Swe’s story inspires us to recognize the potential of individuals to excel in multiple fields and reminds us of the profound connection between discipline and creativity. His legacy continues to be celebrated, making him a true hero and a symbol of national pride. 

Confession: (Writing in memory of (U) Kyaw Swe is special to me because my late father bore a striking resemblance to the famous actor (U) Kyaw Swe.)

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

AS the clock passes midnight on 31 December, we offer farewell to 2024 and open our arms to embrace the New Year 2025. This transition is more than just a change in the calendar; it is a moment of reflection, hope, and celebration. The New Year offers us a clean slate, a chance to realign our goals, rekindle our dreams, and move forward with renewed determination.

Welcoming a new year is a universal tradition, celebrated in countless ways across the globe. From amazing fireworks displays to intimate family gatherings, the world unites in joy, gratitude, and optimism. The arrival of 2025 serves as a reminder that time is both precious and fleeting, urging us to cherish every moment and make the most of what lies ahead.

The New Year is also a time to reflect on the past. It allows us to pause and review the successes and challenges of the previous year. Every achievement, no matter how small, is evidence of our resilience and effort. Meanwhile, setbacks provide lessons that guide us toward better decisions and greater strength. In this spirit of contemplation, we enter 2025 not only with hope but also with wisdom gained from our experiences.

What makes 2025 particularly special is the promise of new beginnings. It is a chance to set fresh goals and aspirations, whether they involve personal growth, professional advancement, or nurturing relationships. As we write our resolutions and envision the year ahead, we are filled with a sense of purpose and determination. The start of a new year inspires us to dream big, step out of our comfort zones, and pursue the changes we have long desired.

Furthermore, the New Year brings with it the joy of connection. Families, friends, and communities come together to celebrate the occasion, sharing laughter, love, and goodwill. This sense of unity and togetherness is at the heart of the New Year’s spirit, reminding us that we are never alone in our journey. The words we strengthen during this time give us the courage and motivation to face the challenges of the year ahead.

As we warmly welcome 2025, let us do so with gratitude for the opportunities it brings. Let us focus on spreading kindness, fostering positivity, and making meaningful contributions to our world. Together, we can make this year a remarkable one, filled with moments of joy, progress, and fulfilment.

Bright and Beautiful 2025! May it be a year of good opportunities and lasting happiness for all.

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

Choosing between a desktop computer and a laptop can be a challenging decision. Both options have their benefits and drawbacks, and the choice largely depends on an individual’s needs and preferences. Therefore, let us explore the differences between desktop computers and laptops in terms of cost, convenience, and style to help you make an informed decision. 

One of the primary factors to consider when choosing between a desktop and a laptop is the cost. Desktop computers are generally more affordable than laptops with similar specifications. This is because desktops do not need the same portability features as laptops. Manufacturers can focus on enhancing performance over compactness, which often results in a lower price for desktops with powerful hardware. Additionally, upgrading individual components, such as RAM or storage, is usually cheaper for desktops. This makes them more cost-effective in the long run.

 On the other hand, laptops, especially high-performance or ultra-portable models, often come with a higher price tag due to their compact, lightweight design. The portability of laptops also means that repairs and upgrades can be more expensive, as components are smaller and more specialized. Therefore, while desktops are initially more budget-friendly, laptops may offer added value through their flexibility and portability, depending on the user’s needs. 

Another important factor to consider is the convenience of use. Laptops are inherently more convenient than desktops due to their portability. Users can easily carry laptops between home, office, and even public spaces, allowing for flexibility in where and how they work or study. This mobility suits people who often travel or need to work in multiple locations. 

Desktops, on the other hand, are fixed in one place, making them ideal for those who do not require mobility and prefer a dedicated workspace. However, desktops offer other conveniences, such as larger screens, ergonomic setups, and the ability to connect multiple peripherals simultaneously. These factors can enhance productivity, especially for professionals requiring powerful hardware for graphic design or video editing tasks. In summary, while laptops offer portability and flexibility, desktops provide a more stable and customizable setup for specific tasks. 

In addition, there is the subject of style. When it comes to style, laptops, and desktops offer different aesthetics and appeal to different preferences. Laptops tend to have a sleek, modern look, with brands often focusing on slim designs, lightweight frames, and high-quality finishes to attract users who value style and portability. Many laptops come in various colours and finishes, allowing users to choose one that suits their personal tastes. 

Desktops, however, tend to be bulkier and less portable, with larger cases and multiple components. Despite this, desktops offer more customization options, such as LED lighting, transparent cases, and various add-ons that appeal to users who want a unique setup. In essence, laptops cater to those who prioritize minimalism and mobility, while desktops at tract users who prefer a customizable, robust setup that reflects their individuality. 

Apart from cost, convenience, and style, performance is another key aspect to consider. Generally, desktops have an edge over lap tops in terms of performance. This is because desktops can house larger and more powerful components, such as CPUs and GPUs, without the limitations of space and cooling that laptops face. For tasks that require high processing power, like gaming, video editing, or 3D rendering, desktops are usually the better choice.

 Laptops, while improving in performance, still cannot match the raw power of desktops. However, for everyday tasks like browsing, writing, or watching videos, modern laptops are more than sufficient. The trade-off in performance is often balanced by the benefits of portability and ease of use that laptops offer.

 What is more, the choice between a desktop computer and a laptop depends on various factors, including cost, convenience, style, and performance. Desktops are generally more affordable and offer better performance, especially for high-demand tasks, but they lack portability. Laptops, on the other hand, are portable and stylish, providing flexibility and convenience for users who need to work on the go. They are, however, more expensive and may not offer the same level of performance as desktops. 

Ultimately, the decision comes down to personal preference and specific needs. If you require a powerful machine for demanding tasks and do not need to move it frequently, a desktop might be the best choice. If you value portability and flexibility and are willing to invest a bit more, a laptop could be the ideal option. Both desktops and laptops have their unique advantages, and understanding these can help you make the best decision for your computing needs.

 In today’s world, portable devices have become more popular, changing how people work, study, and communicate. Both laptops and desktops can do similar tasks, but many people now prefer laptops because they are easy to carry and use in different places. This change in preference shows that people want devices that fit their busy, on-the-go lifestyles. Although desktops have some advantages, the popularity of laptops is mainly due to their portability, versatility, and ability to meet the needs of modern users. 

One main reason people choose laptops over desktops is portability. Laptops are lightweight and compact, allowing users to take them almost anywhere – to a café, library, or even on a trip. This flexibility is valuable for students, professionals, and freelancers who need to work in different places. Unlike desktops, which need a fixed setup with a monitor and other parts, laptops are made work well in various settings. For example, a student can carry a laptop from home to campus, accessing their work easily wherever they go. 

Another reason is that laptops can run on batteries, which makes them usable even without a power outlet nearby. Desktops need to stay plugged in to work, but laptops can last several hours on a single charge. This is very useful in places where power is not always available or where there are power outages. In areas with frequent power cuts, laptops allow students and workers to continue working without interruptions. In developing regions, laptops provide a way for people to stay connected and productive even when electricity is limited. 

Advances in technology have also made laptops more powerful and useful for different tasks. In the past, people thought desktops were better for demanding tasks like gaming or graphic design. However, many laptops today can handle these tasks well. With powerful processors, good graphics, and large storage, laptops are now capable of managing various professional tasks. Industries like graphic design and data analysis now often use laptops in their daily work. Gaming laptops, for example, show that laptops can meet high-performance needs that were once only possible with desktops. 

The space-saving design of laptops is another reason why people prefer them. Desktops need a large setup space and can create clutter with multiple parts, but laptops are compact and include everything in one unit. This makes them ideal for small apartments, dorm rooms, or shared offices. Laptops also have a sleek, modern look that many people find attractive. In homes with limited space, laptops offer a practical solution without taking up much room. 

While laptops have clear advantages, some people still prefer desktops for specific reasons. Desktops allow for greater customization, making it easy for users to upgrade parts like the processor, memory, or graphics card. This is especially useful for gamers, software developers, and others who need high performance and want to keep their computers up-to-date over time. Desktops also offer better cooling systems because they have more space for fans and airflow, which helps avoid overheating during heavy tasks like gaming or video editing. These qualities make desktops a strong choice for users who need high levels of performance. 

However, for the average user, the convenience and flexibility of laptops are more important than these extra features. Most people do not need such high levels of customization and cooling, especially with modern laptops becoming more powerful and capable of handling everyday tasks. As technology improves, laptops are closing the gap with desktops in terms of performance, making desktops less necessary even for some intensive tasks. 

Furthermore, the shift from desktops to laptops reflects the modern need for devices that are portable, flexible, and easy to use. Laptops provide these qualities, making them a good fit for both work and personal use. Desktops have their strengths, especially for users with specific needs, but laptops now meet the needs of most users better, making them the preferred choice. As technology advances, laptops will likely continue to improve, making desktops even less necessary for most people. 

The paragraphs above reflect the general perceptions people have about desktops and laptops. Now, I’d like to share my perspective and personal feelings. I am truly a “desktop enthusiast”. This admiration for desktops has been with me for a long time. However, my very first computer was just an old laptop. After using that laptop for about two years, I eventually managed to buy a desktop, and I loved it! 

But a few years ago, I had to let go of my reliance on my desktop. This was due to the limited electricity access in my area; we only had power for about two to four hours during the day. In that situation, using a desktop became impractical, so I switched to using a laptop instead: which lasted for about four years. Now, I can say that I’ve come to appreciate and even love my laptop. With that, I’ll end this long message.

Source : GNLM

What is Public- Private Partnership?

          Public-Private Partnership is a contractual agreement between a public agency and a private sector entity. With Public-Private Partnership, the public agency and the private sector entity share assets, skills, risks and rewards and set up one project. Public- Private Partnerships combine the public sector capital and private sector capital to improve public services or the management of public sector assets. Public-Private Partnership contributes more advantages to the government than privatization form due to the fact that PPPs emphasizes the role of the government whereas in privatization form, the whole business needs to be transferred to the private sector. 

Why developing countries need Public-Private Partnership?

Developing countries usually have a budget deficit based upon low tax base, weak tax administration, and poor business environment. With budget deficit shown, adopting PPPs enables the government to be able to afford to deliver good public services. PPPs are being widely used among governments when it comes to procurement processes when public funding is inadequate. PPPs is also a reliable form of investment from the perspective of private investors as it guarantees the long-term delivery of public services. 

The origin of Public-Private Partnership in world countries

          The history of Public-Private Partnership dated back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when countries focused on developing public infrastructure in the form of joint financing and operation of infrastructure.  In Britain and the United States around eighteenth centuries, over 2500 companies were chartered and incorporated to develop private turnpikes. In France, around the seventeenth century, the government used concessions to finance its infrastructure development, which means its private enterprises and banks are granted to design, construct, finance and operate infrastructures such as railways, roads, electricity and tramways. In the later decades, PPPs are commonly used by most countries as it proves easy procurement and construction method and financing model.

Common types of PPPs

Basic PPPs contract types vary in terms of levels of responsibility and risk to be taken by the private operator so that different countries adopt a particular PPP contract type that meet the local requirements on a country-to country basis. According to Asian Development Bank (ADB), PPPs are commonly used in most countries as follows- 

1. Service Contract

2. Management Contract

3. Lease Contract

4. Concession

5. Build- Operate- Transfer (BOT)

6. Joint Venture

7. Service Contract: This is a model which the government partners with a private entity to perform one or more services for 1 to 3 year limited period. In this model, the government funds capital investment and a private partner performs the service at the agreed cost and in line with the performance standards set by the public sector. The public authority takes operation and management responsibility and commercial risk whereas the risk taken by the private entity is minimal. 

8. Management Contract: In management contract, daily operation and management responsibility is assumed by the private entity with its own working capital whereas the public authority finances capital investment with asset ownership. The contract generally lasts for 2 to 5 years. 

(3) Lease Contract:   In lease contract, the initial establishment of the system is financed by the public authority and contracted to a private company for operation and maintenance. The contract usually lasts for 10 to 15 years. The private sector has to take responsibility for service provision and financial risk for operation. 

(4) Concession: In concession model, the private sector needs to provide all capital investment (assets) and these assets belong to both the public authority and a private company. In this model, the public authority just needs to take the role of regulating the price and quality of service while the private partner takes full responsibility for funding, management, operation and maintenance. 

(5) Build Operate Transfer (BOT):  There may be various forms of BOT-type contracts such as Build-Operate Transfer, Build-Own-Operate, Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build and Design-Build-Finance-Operate.         

(6) Joint Venture: Joint Venture is a model in which the infrastructure is co-owned and operated by the public sector and private partner. In this model, both the public sector and private partner are shareholders so that both parties have to invest in the project and share risks. 

How did PPPs evolve in Myanmar?

          From 1962 to 1988, Myanmar practiced the "Burmese Way to Socialism" under the leadership of the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) as a one-party system and in economy, it practiced centrally planned economy. In 1988, after the Burmese Way to Socialism, in the aftermath of tremendous uprising due to the inflation and demonetization of Myanmar kyats, the State Law and Order Restoration Council took office for the period of 1988-1997. In 1997, the State Law and Order Restoration Council was reformed as State Peace and Development Council from the period of 1997 until 2011. In 1997, State Peace and Development Council announced the transition into a market-oriented economy. With this transition, the government started to pave the way for Public- Private Partnerships and privatization. In 1997, PPPs started in Myanmar to fulfill the infrastructure needs of the country. However, the projects during those days were based upon unsolicited proposal (a proposal made by a private party to undertake a PPP project, submitted at the initiative of the private party, rather than in response to a request from the relevant government agency) under Build-Operate-Transfer form. In 2011, President U Thein Sein government took the state of duties and some reforms were made significantly. In October 2011, 11 private banks were allowed to trade foreign currency. In November 2012, the new Foreign Investment Law (2012) was enacted and special economic zones started in Thilawa and Dhawei. In 2016 and 2017, Myanmar Investment Law (2016) and Myanmar Companies Law (2017) were enacted. In April 2015, to improve the reliability and stability of Myanmar’s power supply and to prevent the power shortage problem, Myingyan Natural Gas Power Project was initiated. This is the first PPP project that was adopted through solicited proposal (solicited bid received from private parties via a competitive tender process for PPP Projects under the purview of an Implementing Government Agency) between Singapore-based Sembcorp Utilities and Ministry of Electricity and Energy. This project is located in Myingyan Township of Mandalay Region and this project was governed by a 22-year Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) agreement and a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA).

          When PPPs are widely used in Myanmar, the government has started using Swiss challenge (a public procurement process designed to encourage private sector initiatives to engage in PPP Projects. Under the Swiss Challenge tender process, if a relevant government agency wishes to proceed with a project that was received as an unsolicited proposal, the agency is required to publish a bid and invite third parties to exceed it) to welcome private sector involvement in the tender processes recently. With regard to Public Private Partnership implementation, the Project Bank Notification was one of the greatest achievements. It was issued on 30th November 2018 by Office of the President after Public Private Partnership Center was established through Notification No. (24 /2021) of Union Minister’s Office of the Ministry of Planning and Finance.  

Public-Private Partnership in Myanmar

          Myanmar government budget is shown as deficit as the country is one of the countries with the lowest tax-to- GDP ratio. As Myanmar's tax to GDP ratio is very low, the government cannot afford to make sufficient investment in infrastructure. Although Myanmar, being a recipient of  Official Development Assistance (ODA), a kind of aid given by developed countries to assist the development of developing countries, the fund from public capital and ODA is insufficient to meet the infrastructure gap. In Myanmar, PPPs has been practiced in the form of Build Operate and Transfer mostly in road, power sectors and some projects in hotels. Some forms of PPPs in Myanmar are categorized as Greenfield projects (any investment in a structure or an area where no previous facilities exist and without constraints imposed by prior works), Brownfield projects (any investment that uses previously constructed facilities that were once in use for other purposes), Production Sharing Contracts and Joint Venture Agreements between ministries/ government organizations and private companies. In Project Bank Directive issued by the government, common types of PPPs which have been practiced in Myanmar are  categorized as Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), Build- Transfer-Lease (BTL), Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO), Operation and Management (O & M) and other forms of PPPs. 

  Legal framework governing Public Private Partnerships

           In Myanmar, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Myanmar Investment Commission and Directorate of Investment and Company Administration are government agencies that regulate PPPs projects. The laws governing Public Private Partnerships before and after the issuance of Project Bank Notification are mentioned as follows-

• Myanmar Companies Law (2017) 

• Myanmar Investment Law (2016) 

• Permanent Residence of a Foreigner Rules (2014)

• Myanmar Special Economic Zones Law (2014)

• Securities and Exchange Law (2013)

• Myanmar Citizens Investment Law (2013)

• Central Bank Law (2013)

• Foreign Investment Rules (2013)

• Foreign Investment Law (2012)

• Law Amending the Commercial Tax Law (2011)

• Private Industrial Enterprises Law (1990)

• Financial Institutions of Myanmar Law (1990)

• State-Owned Economic Enterprises Law (1989)

• Special Company Act (1950)

In Myanmar, apart from these laws, for the commonly used Build Operate Transfer project form, general tendering processes have been widely practiced under Directive No. 1/2017 (Tender Rules), which is widely used as PPP manual in Myanmar. In addition to that, State Administration Council issued the tender notifications (1/2022). In PPP, if the private party is involved in international connection, the project is liable to Myanmar Investment Law (2016) and some restricted business activities are outlined in the notification 15/2017 of the Myanmar Investment Commission.

Public-Private Partnerships in the form of Production Sharing Contract in Myanmar

          Production Sharing Contract is used in Myanmar’s Oil and Gas sector and it is a contract signed between a government entity and private companies. In Myanmar, under Production Sharing Contract, Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise acts a body for the state and invites oil companies as contractors to make financial and technical investment in the oil and gas extraction. According to MOGE data, over 150 oil companies were registered as local partners with MOGE. According to terms and conditions of model production sharing contract set up by MOGE, there are two periods listed as the exploration period (an initial term of up to three years) and development and production period (commenced on notice of commercial discovery and continues for at least twenty years from the date of completion of the development phase) in the oil and gas operation. 

State Administration Council highlighting the role of Public Private Partnership in Special Economic Zones 

Three currently established Special Economic Zones are Thilawa SEZ, Dawei SEZ and Kyauk Phyu SEZ, but this article wants to highlight on two of these. The incumbent government, State Administration Council is attempting to develop Kyauk Phyu Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the form of PPPs for economic development. In Kyauk Phyu Special Economic Zone Project, the China International Trust and Investment Corporation Consortium contributes 70 % and Myanmar side contributes 30 % when implementing the Kyauk Phyu Deep Seaport project. It is a four-phase project building ten jetties where the ships can berth. After this project, the livelihood of people in Rakhine State particularly those in Kyauk Phyu district will become better and Myanmar can directly transport goods to countries in African, South Asian, and Europe. In responding media, Union Minister U Aung Naing Oo and Mr Liang Chuanxin told that “the deep-sea port is a four-phase project containing ten jetties and it can accommodate about seven million 20-foot containers per year once completed. The consortium of this project will be incorporated by both domestically owned private or public companies registered under the Myanmar Companies Law 2017.” What’s more beneficial about the project is that State Administration Council has already planned to prioritize the investment of ethnic businessmen in the consortium. 

Thilawa Special Economic Zone is another successful example of PPPs project in Myanmar which has been carrying out by Myanmar government and Japanese government. Myanmar Japan Thilawa Development Limited has acted as a developer. Myanmar Japan Thilawa Development Limited was formed in January 2014, as a joint venture between MMS Thilawa Development Company, Thilawa SEZ Management Committee, and Myanmar Thilawa SEZ Holdings Public Limited. In Thilawa SEZ, in Zone A, a Residential and Commercial Area was firstly established covering offices, residences, restaurants, hotels, international schools and hospitals and it has begun operation since September 2015 whereas in Zone B, 3 types of land are categorized as industrial land, logistical land, residential or commercial land. 

          To sum up, State Administration Council is currently putting an emphasis on Public –Private Partnership and Small and Medium Enterprises for boosting economy in the aftermath of the Covid-19 implications. The actions of State Administration Council such as developing Special Economic Zones, encouraging SMEs to produce value-added goods to penetrate into export market, providing tax exemptions and incentives in the existing tax laws prove that State Administration Council is making an earnest effort to keep the existing economic infrastructure and projects working. The implementation of Public Private Partnership can pave the way for infrastructure development in Myanmar and the opportunities can be seen under this initiative.                                                                            

References 

• Asian Development Bank’s PPP Handbook
• The establishment of PPP center
• Project Bank Notification 
• Myanmar Companies Law (2017)
• Myanmar Investment Law (2016)
• Ministry of Information’s press release
• Special Economic Zone Law (2014)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into modern warfare has revolutionized military strategies, introducing unprecedented capabilities while presenting profound legal and ethical challenges. From autonomous drones to AI-driven cyber defense systems, these advancements have outpaced existing international legal frameworks, creating a pressing need to address gaps and ambiguities in laws governing AI in conflict. This article explores the use of AI in military operations, focusing on its application in the Middle East and Ukraine, and examines the challenges it presents under international law.

Evolving Legal Frameworks: Old Principles Meet New Technologies

The rules governing warfare, such as the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, are grounded in principles like proportionality, distinction, and necessity. However, these frameworks were crafted in an era when AI was not a consideration, leaving significant gaps in addressing its unique challenges.

The emergence of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) poses one of the most significant tests for international law. These systems operate with minimal human intervention, blurring lines of accountability and complicating enforcement of principles like distinction and proportionality. AI’s ability to independently analyze vast data sets and execute operations challenges the traditional understanding of state and individual accountability under international humanitarian law (IHL).

Innovations and Implications

AI's military applications are prominently displayed in the Middle East and Ukraine, regions marked by complex and dynamic conflicts.

In the Middle East, autonomous drones and AI-powered targeting systems are central to military operations. For instance, Israel employs cutting-edge AI programs such as "Daddy’s Home," "Gospel," and "Lavender." These systems integrate machine learning to enhance target identification, surveillance, and missile defense, with "Lavender" playing a crucial role in the Iron Dome’s precision defense capabilities. 

"Daddy’s Home"

"Daddy’s Home" is a high-precision targeting system that utilizes advanced machine learning algorithms to assist in identifying and prioritizing military targets. By analyzing vast datasets from multiple intelligence sources, including satellite imagery, drone feeds, and human intelligence, "Daddy’s Home" offers real-time insights to decision-makers. It is designed to minimize civilian casualties and ensure compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). The system is particularly effective in urban warfare settings, where distinguishing between combatants and civilians is critical. However, critics have raised concerns about the system's reliance on data accuracy, as errors in input data could lead to unintended consequences.

"Gospel"

The "Gospel" program focuses on real-time surveillance and intelligence gathering. Using sophisticated AI algorithms, it processes video and sensor data from drones, satellites, and ground-based sensors. "Gospel" excels in pattern recognition, enabling it to detect unusual movements, potential threats, or hidden combatants that may escape human observation. This capability allows military commanders to act on intelligence with speed and precision. However, the autonomy of such systems raises ethical and legal questions, particularly regarding their use in environments where accurate differentiation between civilian and military targets is essential.

"Lavender"

The "Lavender" project integrates AI with Israel's renowned Iron Dome missile defense system, adding an extra layer of predictive analytics to existing capabilities. "Lavender" enhances the system’s ability to evaluate threats by considering multiple factors such as the trajectory, size, and payload of incoming projectiles. This rapid analysis enables the Iron Dome to prioritize which missiles to intercept, ensuring optimal resource use. In addition to missile defense, "Lavender" is applied in offensive operations, leveraging AI to determine the most effective strike points. The speed and accuracy of this system are unparalleled, but it also faces scrutiny for the potential lack of human oversight in critical decisions.

These programs showcase Israel's commitment to leveraging AI for military advantage while adhering to the principles of precision and proportionality as mandated by international law. Nevertheless, they raise broader concerns about transparency, accountability, and the ethical implications of AI-driven warfare.

While these technologies aim to minimize civilian casualties, their autonomous nature raises questions about compliance with IHL principles, especially in distinguishing between combatants and civilians.

Similarly, in Ukraine, AI systems are employed to counter cyber threats, improve surveillance, and enhance missile defense capabilities. Ukraine's innovative use of AI to predict and respond to Russian military strategies showcases its potential for real-time decision-making. However, such systems, if not properly regulated, risk violating IHL’s prohibition of indiscriminate force, particularly when algorithms lack contextual judgment.

Who is Liable?

Determining responsibility for AI-driven military actions is a critical legal and ethical challenge. Under current IHL, states are accountable for their armed forces' conduct. However, when lethal decision-making is delegated to machines, it becomes difficult to attribute blame for unlawful acts, such as targeting errors or civilian casualties.

 The lack of clear accountability mechanisms undermines the very foundation of IHL, necessitating urgent legal reforms. Proposals such as the concept of "meaningful human control" over AWS emphasize the need for human oversight in all AI-driven military actions to ensure ethical and legal compliance.

Bridging the Gap: Proposals for Regulation

To address the challenges posed by AI in warfare, international law must evolve to balance technological innovation with ethical accountability. Possible approaches include:

• Updating Existing Treaties: Expanding the scope of treaties like the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to include specific provisions on AI technologies.

• New Legal Instruments: Crafting treaties that regulate autonomous decision-making, mandate human oversight, and limit the deployment of AWS in sensitive conflict zones.

• Regulation of Private Sector Involvement: Establishing guidelines for private companies developing military AI technologies to ensure compliance with IHL principles.

Efforts by organizations like the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross to address these issues demonstrate global recognition of the urgency of regulating AI in warfare.

A Call for Action

AI’s integration into military operations offers both unparalleled advantages and complex challenges. While its potential to enhance precision and reduce human casualties is undeniable, its autonomous nature raises ethical and legal concerns that current frameworks are ill-equipped to address.

For AI to be used responsibly in warfare, the international community must urgently establish comprehensive legal standards that uphold the principles of accountability, proportionality, and distinction. Only through proactive regulation can the global community ensure that AI serves as a tool for enhancing security rather than exacerbating the horrors of war.

References

1. United Nations. (2018). International Law and the Use of Force. Retrieved from https://www.un.org

2. Schmitt, M. N. (2013). The Regulation of Autonomous Weapons in Armed Conflict. International Law Studies, 89(1), 87-108.

3. Sharkey, N. (2018). The Ethics of Autonomous Weapons Systems. International Review of the Red Cross, 100(909), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383119000325

4. Scharre, P. (2018). Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War. W.W. Norton & Company.

5. Cummings, M. L. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare. Chatham House Report. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org

6. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2019). Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A View from the ICRC. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org

7. Binns, L. (2019). AI in Warfare: The Global Arms Race and Ethical Dilemmas. Journal of Strategic Studies, 42(5), 640-658.

8. Elbit Systems. (2022). Iron Dome and AI-Powered Targeting Systems. Retrieved from https://www.elbitsystems.com

9. Israel Defense Forces (IDF). (2022). Use of AI in Israel's Military Operations. Retrieved from https://www.idf.il

10. United States Department of Defense. (2020). Artificial Intelligence Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov

Beneath the velvet canopy of the night sky, our eyes have long wandered toward the moon—a beacon of mystery, wonder, and eternal longing. Once the muse of poets, dreamers, and lovers, the moon now finds itself at the crossroads of ambition and law. The question looms larger than ever before: who owns this celestial body? Who owns the Moon?

When Neil Armstrong famously declared his “small step” for mankind in 1969, the legal ownership of the lunar surface was likely the last thing on his mind. In an era where the infinite expanses of space beckon us beyond the boundaries of Earth, humankind must grapple not only with the technical feats of space exploration but with the complexities of law and ownership—concepts far more terrestrial in origin. As humanity extends its reach toward the stars, the age-old ideals of sovereignty, power, and property are thrust into the void, demanding that we ask: to whom does the moon truly belong?

The Outer Space Treaty: A Framework for Space Exploration

In the 1960s, during the space race, global leaders came together to create a treaty aimed at regulating the use of space. The result was the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which has since become a fundamental part of international space law. The treaty’s primary goal is to ensure that space remains a peaceful domain for exploration, free from territorial claims by any nation.

The treaty is a significant shift from past practices, as it explicitly prohibits any state from claiming sovereignty over celestial bodies such as the moon. According to Article II, no country may assert territorial control over the moon or other outer space objects. While this provision prevents territorial ownership, it does not address issues related to the extraction and ownership of resources found on the moon or other celestial bodies. This gap in the treaty has become more relevant as interest in space mining grows.

The Potential for Space Mining

The moon is believed to contain valuable resources, including Helium-3, a potential fuel for nuclear fusion, and water ice, which could support long-term space missions. As these resources become more valuable, space mining is gaining attention. The legal question arises: does extracting resources from the moon grant ownership, or does it violate the principle of non-appropriation set forth in the Outer Space Treaty?

In 2015, the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act allowed private companies to claim ownership of resources they extract from celestial bodies. Luxembourg followed with similar legislation to encourage space mining. However, these national laws conflict with the Outer Space Treaty’s prohibition on claiming ownership over celestial bodies, raising legal concerns about their compatibility.

Some view space mining as similar to harvesting resources from international waters, where no one owns the sea but everyone can benefit. Others see it as the beginning of corporate dominance over space, challenging the principle of space as a common resource for all. Legal scholars have not reached a consensus, but the question of who controls lunar resources remains unresolved.

The Moon Agreement: An Attempt at Regulation

In response to the gaps in the Outer Space Treaty, the Moon Agreement was adopted in 1979. This treaty sought to establish that the moon and its resources are the "common heritage of mankind" and called for an international system to regulate the exploitation of these resources. Despite its intentions, the agreement has not gained significant support, with only 18 countries ratifying it and none of the major spacefaring nations participating. As a result, the Moon Agreement has had little impact on shaping space law.

Without a binding international framework, questions remain about who will benefit from the resources of the moon. The silence surrounding the Moon Agreement highlights the need for updated legal frameworks to address the evolving dynamics of space exploration and resource extraction.

Private Industry and Lunar Settlements

As private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin plan lunar missions, the role of the private sector in space exploration becomes more significant. The possibility of establishing lunar colonies raises new legal challenges. Under the Outer Space Treaty, private enterprises face unclear regulations regarding land ownership and governance on the moon.

If a private company establishes a base on the moon, questions arise about whether it can claim ownership of the land and what laws would apply to the colony. As the private sector increasingly participates in space exploration, the need for clear legal guidelines becomes more urgent to avoid conflicts over jurisdiction and property rights in space.

The Need for Updated Legal Frameworks

As humanity moves further into space, it is evident that existing legal structures need to be updated. The Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement, created in the 20th century, are insufficient to address the realities of space exploration today. New international agreements are necessary to regulate the extraction of resources, the governance of lunar settlements, and the overall use of space.

The future of space law will require a balance between the interests of nations, private companies, and the global community. A comprehensive legal framework is needed to ensure that space exploration benefits all of humanity and that space remains a shared domain.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the legal status of the Moon remains one of the most pressing and complex challenges of space law today. While the Outer Space Treaty has laid a foundational framework by preventing territorial claims and emphasizing the peaceful use of space, the evolving ambitions of private enterprises and the growing interest in lunar resource extraction highlight gaps in the current legal structure. The Moon Agreement, though an attempt to address these issues, has failed to gain widespread international support, leaving the future of lunar governance uncertain. As space exploration continues to advance, the need for a comprehensive and universally accepted legal framework becomes more urgent. How humanity chooses to manage and regulate the Moon’s resources will shape the trajectory of space exploration for generations to come, determining whether the Moon remains a shared resource for all or becomes a contested prize for a few. The question of ownership, exploitation, and governance of celestial bodies is no longer theoretical—it is a matter of immediate concern that will require global cooperation, innovation in law, and ethical considerations to ensure that space remains a common frontier for all.

References

1. Treaties and International Agreements

• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty, 1967). Available at UNOOSA website.
• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Moon Agreement, 1979). Available at UNOOSA website.

2. Books

• von der Dunk, Frans G., and Fabio Tronchetti (Eds.). Handbook of Space Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
• Jakhu, Ram S., and Paul Stephen Dempsey. The Global Space Governance: An International Study. Springer, 2017.
• Freeland, Steven. Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice. Ashgate, 2010.

3. Journal Articles

• Tronchetti, Fabio. “The Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: A Move Forward or a Step Back?” Space Policy, vol. 34, no. 2, 2015, pp. 6–10. DOI:10.1016/j.spacepol.2015.08.004.
• Lyall, Francis, and Paul B. Larsen. “Who Owns the Moon? Legal Issues Surrounding Space Resources.” International Law Review, vol. 47, no. 1, 2020, pp. 87–96.
• Markoff, Matthew. “Legality of Space Resource Mining: The Impact of International Law on Commercial Space Ventures.” Journal of Air Law and Commerce, vol. 80, 2015, pp. 139–173.

4. Reports

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA’s Artemis Program Overview. NASA, 2020. Available at NASA Artemis Program.
• European Space Policy Institute (ESPI). Space Resources Utilization: A Legal Perspective. ESPI Report 62, 2017.

5. News Articles and Analysis

• Grush, Loren. “What Laws Currently Exist for Space Mining?” The Verge, April 7, 2020. Available at The Verge.
• Reuters. “Luxembourg Takes the Lead in Space Mining Legislation.” Reuters, 2017. Available at Reuters.

6. Web Resources

• Space Foundation. Space Law Resource Guide. Available at Space Foundation.
• International Institute of Space Law (IISL). Position Paper on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Utilization. Available at IISL website.

The future will be the child of the past and the present. (George Crumb)

Everyone may have a dream for a better future for himself, for own family, for country and beyond it- for the whole world. However, the future inherits all good and bad legacies from the past and the present. There is no other way but to execute good things right now if we would like to have a better future as we possess only the very present moment.

However, it is so crucial to have sufficient knowledge and intelligence to differentiate between the good and the bad (plus the ugly may be) things. It will depend upon the viewer’s position and lineage. The birds tend to see the world from atop while a worm from the ground. Likewise, in this world of unequal distributions of wealth and power, there exist different perceptions and views on how to build better future of the world. 

I have also my own perspective and opinions on this important issue. The following paragraphs are extracted from my speech to be delivered at the 2nd Minsk International Eurasian Security Conference in Minsk, Belarus from 31 October to 1 November 2024 with kind support of respective officials from MOFA and some parts of the speech are inspired from the idea of my colleague U Khin Maung Zaw from MISIS, Yangon.

“In recent discussions during the Seventy-ninth Session of the UN General Assembly, many leaders of the developing countries around the world elaborated their grave concerns on such a depressing thing as deterioration of global security, unjust and imbalanced world order, diminishing capacity of international institutions including the UN, unruly situations in global trade and finance transactions, sufferings of developing nations and etc.

What they have expressed are not incorrect nor nonsense. “The world is facing multiplying regional conflicts, an accelerating arms race, nuclear proliferation and an ebbing of collective security”, one leader said. It is the UN, the unique world body founded since nearly eighty decades ago, assigned to solve these problems. However, the organization was not observed impressively in the discussions. Another leader alleged that the UN has failed to fulfil its founding mission and has become “a dysfunctional structure”. Not a few leaders lamented that more than 80 percent of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) are off track. Regarding poverty reduction, one third of the world’s poorest 75 countries are worse off today than they were five years ago, while the top 1 percent of people on the planet own 43 percent of all global financial assets.

The principal challenge today is that the powerful group of global elite, on the pretext of amicable rhetoric such as freedom, democracy, human rights, equality and humanitarian assistance, applies its prowess of wealth, political influence, military might, diplomatic dominance, media influences and economic apparatuses as the instruments of hegemony. They have every appliance to do so. They have the UN Security Council’s majority veto power. They have military alliances like NATO, AUKUS and SQUAD. They have Bretton Woods System controlling the whole international monetary and financial system through IMF and World Bank. They have the US Dollar serving as the principal de facto international currency. They have SWIFT mechanism to dictate every bank transaction across the world.

By using these appliances the Global North can maximize their interests while marginalizing the other part of humanity. It is not so strange that while the military, industrial and political complex of the West is quite pleased with global defence expenditure of 2.4 trillion dollars, the richest countries’ Official Development Assistance funding never exceeds one tenth of that amount for 733 million people in extreme poverty.

However, the order is profoundly changing nowadays. Emerging powers are entering the international political stage as new actors in collaboration with Global South countries to counterweight the balance of power against the incumbent supreme powers in geopolitical and geo-economic architectures. For example- the BRICS group, founded by five emerging economies in 2009, has surpassed the G7 in total GDP in term of PPP since 2018 and by 2024, the difference had increased even further, the BRICS now holding a total 35 percent of the world's GDP compared to 30 percent held by the G7 countries. Many countries across the planet are in ardent enthusiasm to join the bloc as a beacon of hope. It seems quite apparent that imminent power rivalry between the group of old power and the new ones leading into the probable scenario of Thucydides Trap in a collective way. We could dub it a confrontation between the Global South Vs. the Global North as traditional notion of the “Us Vs. Them” mentality always mentions.

Again, the other interesting phenomenon is that while the Global North as an organized group possesses some significant common features, unified institutions and common interests, the other side still has diverse grounds of history, cultures, geopolitical positions, political systems, socio-economic situations and security interests. In the light of this, it is inevitable that the Global South themselves must explore the correct and effective way to establish unity in diversity among them. What-so-ever we have had diverse factors, the common interest and unified goal of us are clear that we the Global South must prevail in developing our countries and keeping our people safe in our own ways in accordance with our own policies and determination. 

Nevertheless, the paradigm shift and transition to a new global order would not be smooth and easy as the old powers certainly will be striving utmost to maintain their dominance of the whole international community. According to Alexander Dugin, the author of the Fourth Political Theory, there are three different ways of the incumbent superpower to sustain its global influence: Creation of an American Empire with developed in the core area and fragmented periphery in chaos (the neoconservative idea of Republicans), Creation of a multilateral unipolarity where the USA would cooperate with other friendly powers and putting pressure on ‘rogue states’, or preventing other powers from achieving regional independence and hegemony (liberal idea of Democrats), and Promotion of accelerated globalisation with the creation of a world government and swift de-sovereignisation of nation-states in favour of the creation of a ‘United States’ of the world ruled by the global elite on legal terms (progressive liberal idea of George Soros) . All these three ideas seem to be rooted in the strong conviction of Pax Americana centralism and Us Vs. Them mentality.

Literally and categorically, the whole world has been still in the hand of the global power elite whether we like it or not. In order to deter and overcome this colossal menace, the Global South must have an overwhelming power in all sectors of international arena. It is obvious that we need more comprehensive and efficient efforts to achieve our goal. Yes, we do have BRICS. We also have regional organizations like CIS, CSTO, SCO, ASEAN, SAARC, BIMSTEC, AU, etc. Regarding economic development and financial institutions, we have EAEU, BRI, AIIB for BRI, NDB For BRICS and so on. Certainly, the primary goal of these organizations is to foster unity of mankind and pursue equality, prosperity, positive peace and harmony through the development of various initiatives within the realms of political stability, security, socio-economic development and livelihood of peoples. Yet, we have to admit that we need further more endevours for synchronization and consolidation of our efforts to acquire sufficient synergy the paradigm shift we have desired. 

To achieve this goal, we need to discuss to establish appropriate principles and comprehensive guidelines for further deepening of mutual understanding and cooperation among the Global South nations.  Even though some cry aloud about the inevitable potential of decoupling of the world, I do not think it is the real solution of mounting problems of the world.

It may be the best way to modify the existing international institutions into a more suitable for developing nations as much as we can, while creating new ones for the betterment of the whole mankind. 

Core values and aspirations of the United Nations Charter regarding peace and security must be preserved to prevent conflicts around the world while unacceptable behaviors of powerful nations such as- abuse of power, selfishness, hegemonic tendency, discrimination, unwillingness for cooperation- must be rejected and contained in the international systems. 

With regard to the world peace and security, nations of the South should pursue the soft-power of positive peace including dialogues and peaceful settlement of disputes noticing negative security measures of intervention and deterrence policies usually applied by big powers only create insecurity and instability, instead of peace and security. Regional military alliances or security organizations of certain blocs usually create power rivalry, mutual mistrust, various forms of arms races and they would not reduce security risks rather enhance as we have had many bitter lessons learnt during the Cold War.

Hence, effective conduct of diplomacy in bilateral, regional and international contexts, sincere cooperation among nations for common interests, and renunciation of interventionist and deterrence policies and practices are the most appropriate measures to prevent war and conflict and achieve peace and security. 

In this regard, I am very much delighted to point out that Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence which were jointly initiated by China, India and Myanmar and adopted by developing countries 70 years ago have been instrumental in supporting the efforts of developing countries, including Myanmar, for maintaining international peace and security. These time-tested principles encompass respecting one another’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, refraining from aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, promoting equality and mutual benefit, and fostering peaceful coexistence. Myanmar has been upholding these five principles as integral part of our foreign policy. I would like to propose that these principles of peaceful coexistence should be the core norms and values of international relations of all developing countries to reinvigorate diplomacy of peace rather than military deterrence.

And as the representative of Myanmar, a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement which had been much influential in the early Cold War era, I would like to suggest that the Group of 77 comprising 134 developing countries should be further strengthen and closely collaborated with BRICS’ activities in South-South cooperation to check the challenges of global power transition. I am sincerely convinced that with the leadership of the BRICS combined with the collective power of the coalition of developing countries, it would create an existential power to make the paradigm shift.

Regarding global polarity of the future, my opinion is that there may be two separate parts due to the directions of relations. To face the challenges from existing dominant power of the Global North, a unified stance of all Global South nations would be essential to some extent a bi-polarity between competing powers. For the realistic existence in the whole international community, multi-polarity would be the most suitable model for both emerging powers and developing countries as they need peaceful co-existence, pursuance of self-determination and right to choose their own ways of national developments.

In the light of these circumstances, adopting the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence as the core principles, I would like to recommend some common and collective stances to be taken by the Global South nations for the betterment of our shared destiny;

1.       To safeguard Sovereignty, Self-determination and Freedom of choice on own path of national policy and development,

2.       To resist any forms of interventions, coercion and illegal influence of out powers and preserve the status of equality among nations large or small,

3.       To resist collectively any form of security threats and military interventions with inappropriate intentions by powerful nations individually or grouping as the blocs against the weaker states and to support the targeted countries,

4.       To organize unified diplomatic efforts in protecting the common interests of developing countries in the international arena,

5.       To reject any means of economic, monetary and financial activities applying as the instruments of foreign policy to insert pressures on the targeted nations and to establish collective systems, mechanisms and institutions to protect against them and to maintain economic independence and free trade,

6.       To promote social connectivity such as public diplomacy, trade, business and commercial relations, academic and cultural exchanges, and media interactions among developing countries,

7.       To enhance the unity and fraternity among developing countries and to be vigilant against wedging tactics of “Divide and Conquer”,

8.        To develop capacity of human resource in developing countries in order to keep abreast of modern technologies.

As for Myanmar, we are steadfast in abiding by the principles of the United Nations Charter, which aims to maintain international peace and security and cultivate respectful relations between nations. 

Regarding regional and multilateral cooperation, it is a matter of profound satisfaction that Myanmar and Belarus enjoy close cooperation in regional and international frameworks.

Myanmar has received the Dialogue Partner Status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) with the support of the friendly countries in May 2023. I would like to this opportunity to reiterate Myanmar’s strong commitment to actively participate in SCO activities to achieve greater progress in SCO development.

Myanmar is also eager to pursue a free trade zone agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). Myanmar highly values the principled position and consistent support of Belarus and other friendly states in the region and look forward to continuing our cooperation in the regional and multilateral arena.

When it comes to ASEAN, we have been closely in cooperation with ASEAN to implement ASEAN\s Five-Point consensus in line with our Five-Point Roadmap. For us, we are determined to promulgate the provisions and fundamental principles of the ASEAN Charter, especially non-interference in the internal affairs of the member states. 

Myanmar underscores the significance of resolving armed conflicts through preventive measures, protection, dialogue, and collaboration between states. We emphasize the need for a global security framework anchored in multilateralism and our unwavering commitment to peace, security, and stability in the region and on the international stage.

I firmly believe that through our collective efforts, we will make meaningful contribution to regional peace, security, and prosperity, while encouraging the diverse Eurasian community to unite for a future characterized by tranquility and economic well-being.”

I sincerely hope that my ideas will contribute for those who are interested in this issue as a food for thought.

NO ONE can stand alone in society. As living beings, humans inherently need to foster friendships and seek meaningful partnerships. In fact, individuals are not always saints or enlightened beings – those considered the noblest in various religions – who can maintain sincerity at all times. Our mindsets change constantly, and therefore, no one can guarantee that an individual can sustain genuine fraternity based on sincerity forever.

Forging genuine friendship among individuals

The term “genuine friendship” may seem unfamiliar to some people. In reality, genuine friendship can often be intertwined with insincere actions from those who feign a positive mindset in society while their true intentions are not sincere. Their motivations may be rooted in deceitful behaviours, and they do not seek to cultivate meaningful partnerships with others. Such actions are detrimental to social relationships. Unfortunately, those who advocate for the necessity of genuine friendship may sometimes fall victim to these deceitful individuals.

This topic does not focus on wanting to express genuine friendship between one person and another. Rather, it aims to address the insincerity often present, especially among young people, who might pretend to be friendly with someone they actually have romantic feelings for.

For example, some guys pretend to be friendly with some girls in an attempt to propose their love to those girls one day. So, those guys initiate their movements before proposing their love for girls. It can be said that their actions are not sincere for friendship.

Those males and females culturing so-called friendliness are not concerned with this topic.

The main point is that when two people become friends, regardless of whether they are of the same gender or different genders – they may be a male and another male or, a male and a female or a female and another female. In this case, it is important for them to have a sincere attitude towards each other.

It is very important that between individuals, there should be no exploitation of each other’s weaknesses, no harsh criticisms, and a focus on helping and supporting one another. In fact, it is public ethics for all. Actually, such public ethics are being practised in Myanmar’s society. It is important to respect each other and work together. If everybody has a good relationship, they should monitor the expectations somebody set for each other. Anybody should not act in ways that harm their friend’s interests. If you discover any harm to someone’s interests, you should speak up to prevent it. You should also avoid making negative comments. Even if you encounter misunderstandings from your friends regarding your actions, you must have the courage to intervene and prevent them from making mistakes or straying onto the wrong path for their own sake. Importantly, genuine friends must uphold a concept that they must dare to serve the interests of each other, avoiding inappropriate actions, pretending, one-sided exploitation and influence, and having no hegemony attitude.

Fake friendliness

Some people, who are only focused on finding weaknesses and exploiting them tend to jump at opportunities to enhance their own interests while overlooking the good of their friends. Those individuals will eventually end up on a list of friends to avoid. You will know for yourself where you belong on that list. In reality, friendship is a secondary relationship in life. Siblings and family are the primary connections, no matter how bad things may get. Blood ties are unbreakable. Friendship is formed after surpassing those familial bonds, making it a secondary relationship.

The title ‘unscrupulous friends’ is harsh, but it is difficult to find a better term for them. Everyone should avoid friends like this. In truth, they should not even be called ‘friends’, as that word does not fit people like them. They are more like enemies, as they are close enough to cause harm or threats to those they claim to befriend, lacking sincerity and loyalty. As those unfaithful friends cannot be compared with genuine friends, the status of those persons who lack loyalty is very far from the family members. Indeed, even family members with bad attitudes are better than those disloyal friends.

Good friendliness

In reality, everyone has experienced that having a true friend can be more reassuring and dependable than having blood relatives. Good friends are those who, despite being very close for years, are always ready to help you in times of need. I want to challenge the saying that having one enemy is enough when you have a hundred friends. Instead, I want to say that having a true friend is far more valuable than having a hundred enemies; with a true friend, you can truly enjoy life.

Actually, no one can be fully defined forever. Generally, it is true that disloyal and insincere friends are a danger to genuine friendship. On the other hand, true friends are dependable as well as reliable, standing by their partners in times of emergency and trouble. These loyal friends are ready to give a helping hand to their partners in any situation, even when facing difficulties themselves. If you want to know the character of true friends, you should look for them during times of crisis. True friends will prove to be better than siblings. If you have a true friend, consider yourself lucky.

Living a thousand miles apart A true friend is someone with whom you may live a thousand miles apart, yet your hearts are very close. Even though there are many people around you, we live in a time where there are often those who only watch to take advantage of you or bring you harm.

Though living more than a thousand miles apart, two faithful friends remain connected through shared thoughts and perceptions. Despite the distance, they prioritize staying informed about each other to offer support whenever needed. Their help is given freely, without any expectation of return, as a form of sacrifice. Both deeply understand each other’s minds and souls, always seeing opportunities to assist their friends as acts of kindness. The actions of true friends may seem strange to those who are used to exploiting opportunities for selfish gain.

Sacrifices in friendship If you truly cherish your friendships, you cannot just take advantage of them without consideration. You should think about how you can bring benefits to your friends. Always keep an ear open to their circumstances and be ready to help in times of need.

You should reflect on what you have already given to your friends. It is important to be content with the sacrifices you make for their well-being. For friends who have a mutual desire to support each other, life’s journey will be filled with joy and blessings.

In this regard, the acts of sacrifice between two true friends are endless, rooted in esprit de corps. In genuine friendship, true friends never keep track of the gratitude they owe each other, but they always remember the gratitude of others. They strive daily to find the right moment to repay these debts of gratitude. This is a beautiful concept for all humanity and societies. If everyone upheld this kind of moral integrity, society would flourish with prosperity, peace, and happiness, and conflicts and wars could be avoided.

Ethics in friendship 

There is one more thing. If friendships are genuine, you should be aware of and avoid any deceitful or manipulative behaviours towards each other. Making something non-existent seem real is truly shameful. Manipulation is the work of weak individuals. If friends start speaking deceitfully to one another, it shows that the one doing so is genuinely unfulfilled. You should also reflect on whether the words you say come off as manipulative. Why? It is because manipulation can lead to emotional turmoil. The consequence is that it can cause friends to feel disappointed and hurt.

In this case, I would like to share one of my experiences with all of you. Around 2001, while I was working in Mandalay, I had a friend. At the time, I thought we shared the same mindset. He was very skilled at his job but was constantly boasting. He always

sought to gain privileges over me in various ways and never contributed to shared expenses.

For instance, whenever we had snacks or tea, he never offered to pay. However, I overlooked this because his salary was lower than mine.

Over time, he began trying to dominate us and interfere in my affairs. He consistently showcased his own strengths but never acknowledged the accomplishments of others. I realized that he was jealously competing with me in all aspects, even though his position at the workplace was lower than mine, he was also younger than me. As a result, I gradually became disappointed by his inappropriate behaviours.

One day, he called me at midnight. When I answered, he bragged – without any real reason– that his wife had been selected to go abroad. Despite usually avoiding calls to save money, he had no problem disturbing my sleep to boast about his wife’s trip. How ironic! Generally, he never called others when he did not have any reasons for boasting. I had experienced similar occurrences of his inappropriate actions several times. When I could no longer tolerate his behaviours, I cut off all contact with him, and we have not spoken since.

Understanding inappropriate acts and words However, if true friendships really exist, then there is no reason for such deceitful behaviours to occur. Those who understand how certain actions and words can impact genuine friendships will consciously avoid them. If manipulation does happen, it is common for one friend to forgive the other, as both sides may have experienced it themselves.

In fact, forgiveness and patience are still essential qualities in relationships among true friends, even if they are not explicitly stated. Nevertheless, you may have also observed that these qualities of forgiveness and patience are rarely taken for granted among genuine friends.

In fact, intentional or unintentional acts of boasting and deceit may sometimes occur between two friends. These actions can be analyzed based on the context of their conversations. True friends, however, are open with each other and regularly reflect on their behaviour to ensure it is not perceived as boasting. This self-awareness is simply part of being true friends. Daily interactions between them continue, and in summary, both are keen to preserve their strong bond by avoiding any inappropriate actions or words.

Self-analysis on having honesty in friendship 

In this case, honesty in friendship means that when friends come together, they should be free of expectations and hidden agendas. If people can genuinely relate to each other without deceit, then true friends can emerge. If this doesn’t happen, then friendships may only exist at a superficial level, like fleeting appearances of characters in a movie. You might find yourself in a situation where your friendships are just passing acquaintances instead of genuine connections. You can also reflect on what type of friend you are and how you contribute to those relationships.

In this fleeting human existence, where we only have a moment like a bubble, I hope that everyone encounters true friends and builds genuine relationships. May you also be able to embrace your friends with the spirit of true friendship.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

I had already heard about the upcoming census a few months ago, so it wasn’t surprising. However, my son and daughter found it quite unusual. They had never personally experienced a census before. Because the term “census” in Myanmar translates to “Than Gaung”, which implies midnight, they assumed the census officials would come in the evening, knocking on the door to collect data. I had to explain to them that this wasn’t the case.

A day before the census collection, some responsible officials came to distribute a booklet to every household, informing us about the types of questions that would be asked on census day. I refer to it as a booklet because it wasn’t just a single page but several – around twenty pages  bound together like a small booklet. After receiving it, I took the time to read through it. I won’t go into detail about the individual pages, but I will outline the main sections.

The booklet contained nine sections:

1. Population information

2. Internal migration

3. Educational background

4. Workforce participation

5. Birth data

6. Disability information

7. International migration

8. Housing data

9. Deaths and maternal mortality

The booklet contained 18 pages in total, and I noticed that the questions were quite numerous. From my estimation, it could take at least 45 minutes to an hour to complete all the questions and fill in the forms for a single household. The officials informed us that they would come back the next day to conduct the census and left after that.

The following day, 4 October, I started expecting the census visitors as early as 8 am. However, no one arrived in the morning. It wasn’t until the afternoon that I saw a bit of activity. Around 3 pm, census officials appeared around our neighbourhood. At that point, we also heard some additional news – some high-ranking officials would visit a few houses on our street and take photos and video footage as part of the process. However, in the end, no high-ranking officials came.

I continued waiting, and at around 10 minutes to 6 pm, a group of six people, including one young woman and five men, arrived at my gate. The men were older, while the young woman appeared to be about 20 years old. She explained that they had come to conduct the census. I invited them into the living room where I had prepared seats and a table, but the young woman declined, saying she would just ask the questions from the doorway.

The young woman held a seven-inch tablet in her hand and began asking the questions. I had my household registration and identity cards ready and answered her questions. The questions were the same ones I had studied in the booklet the day before, but not all of them were asked. It seemed like she was only asking for the essential information. As far as I can recall, the questions included my name and age, my children’s names and ages, their educational qualifications, how many rooms we had in the house, what type of water we used for drinking, and whether we had any family members living abroad. There were far fewer questions than I had expected, but I assumed they only asked what was necessary. One thing that stood out was that the young woman’s tablet seemed to have some kind of software installed, as she typed in my responses and tapped on her tablet six or seven times for each question.

The entire process took only about 10 minutes, and the census collection was complete. One of the men who had accompanied her placed a sticker on the door before they left. After they left, my son and daughter came over and asked a lot of questions, each sharing their thoughts about the experience, as this was something they had never encountered before. I then explained the whole process to them as best as I could to help them understand what had just happened.

Census-taking is a vital practice carried out to understand the demographic composition of a country. In Myanmar, this activity is especially significant, as it helps to track population changes, monitor social development, and provide accurate data for resource distribution. Recently, census officers visited my home to collect important information as part of the nationwide effort. This visit, like many others across the country, is a small but critical step in the larger goal of obtaining a comprehensive snapshot of the population. The data collected during these visits holds great significance for the future of Myanmar, ensuring that accurate statistics guide national decision-making and planning.

Census collection in Myanmar has a long history, dating back to the British colonial period when the first official census was con- ducted in 1872. Over the years, the practice has evolved, reflecting the changing social and political landscape of the country. While the early censuses were primarily aimed at understanding the economic productivity and administrative divisions under colonial rule, today’s census serves much broader purposes. Modern censuses in Myanmar are now conducted with international standards, focusing on aspects such as gender equality, ethnic diversity, and social well-being. This historical progression underscores how far Myanmar has come in utilizing census data to reflect the realities of its population.

During the census, officers collect various types of data that go far beyond simple headcounts. Information such as age, gender, marital status, education level,

occupation, and even household facilities are documented. Each of these data points plays a crucial role in forming a complete picture of the nation’s demographic composition. For example, knowing the number of school-age children can help the government plan for future educational needs, while understanding employment statistics can guide economic development strategies. The accuracy and reliability of this data are essential because they inform the government on issues such as infrastructure development, healthcare provisions, and social welfare programmes.

The data collected through the census has a direct influence on government policies and resource allocation. Once processed, the results help identify where investments in public services are needed most. For example, regions with high population densities may require additional schools, hospitals, or roads, while areas with ageing populations might benefit from more healthcare facilities. Furthermore, census data is critical in addressing social inequalities. By analyzing the information, the government can pinpoint areas where minority communities or underprivileged groups may be underrepresented and implement targeted policies to address these disparities. Ultimately, the census ensures that resources are distributed fairly and effectively, allowing Myanmar to build a more equitable and prosperous future for all its citizens.

The current census collection across Myanmar provides a rare opportunity to engage with the country’s changing demographic landscape. For many, like my children, this is their first encounter with the process. It highlights the generational gap in understanding how such vital information is collected and its broader purpose. The way people interact with census officials, and the expectations they hold, show a mix of curiosity and unfamiliarity, reminding us how important it is to raise public awareness about such activities. This unfamiliarity emphasizes the need for continuous public education on the importance of data collection, transparency, and how it directly benefits their community.

The method of data collection, using technology like tablets, also shows the significant progress Myanmar has made in modernizing its census practices. Moving away from paper forms and embracing digital tools not only speeds up the process but also increases the accuracy of the information collected. While the shift to digital tools was noticeable, it also sparked conversations about privacy and data security

among those unfamiliar with such technology. This balance between modern methods and public trust remains a key issue that needs to be addressed in future census activities.

The experience of participating in a census raises broader questions about national development and the role each citizen plays in shaping the country’s future. Every household, regardless of size or status, contributes to the overall understanding of Myanmar’s social and economic standing. From collecting basic demographic details to more intricate data like international migration and household amenities, the census serves as a mirror reflecting the nation’s progress. It also opens a dialogue about where improvements are needed and how collective data can lead to more effective governance and equitable resource distribution.

As Myanmar continues its nationwide census activities, the importance of such efforts cannot be overstated. The data collected will not only inform immediate governmental decisions but will also shape long-term strategies for sustainable development. By ensuring that all voices are counted, the census provides a critical foundation for addressing the diverse needs of the population, bridging social inequalities, and fostering a more inclusive future. In this way, the census acts as a guiding tool for national progress, reminding us all that every individual contribution helps to paint a more accurate picture of Myanmar’s path forward. After listening to my long explanation, my children smiled at me and revealed their thanks.

Source- www.moi.gov.mm