Harnessing energy has been the prime motive of mankind since evolution. All the discoveries and inventions till date are the output of offshoots of the attempt to achieve this goal. One of the critical aspects of energy harnessing is its storage and timely utilization as per needs.

There are several conventional methods by which energy is being stored such as flywheels, batteries, compressed air, & pumped hydroelectricity. The latest advancements that excite energy enthusiasts are superconducting magnets, supercapacitors, photonic energy conversions and hydrogen electrolysis.

The best energy storage device that we have been able to use so far is the chemical battery. As the global Green Energy Revolution is on fast track, it becomes imperative to develop versatile, frugal, convenient & sustainable energy storage solutions. 

The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the renewable energy generation (RE) is expected to increase from 9006 TWh in 2024 to 17032 TWh in 2030. This variable RE generation calls for grid stability. Interestingly, one of the known drawbacks with renewable energy is the lack of storage for use in future when it's not available.

As per the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India aims to achieve 40% cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy sources by 2030 & shall reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 35% by 2030.

As this huge bulk of power through renewable resources merges into the grid, there will be several anticipated challenges: the generation through RE sources is variable and will impact the stability of the national electricity transmission grid. This variability is subject to the time, climate & geographical location of the chosen RE source. Apparently, the energy peak loads will shift and in turn affect the peak tariffs as well. An efficient energy storage system is the solution to all these problems.

Every energy storage system has its own limitations. Costly super magnets have a limited range of operations; likewise, supercapacitors are also costly, have low energy density, require voltage balancing circuit & power converter. Flywheels exhibit frictional losses whereas PHS are restricted to specific location and topology.

Batteries, however, have survived the race. Majority of the power plant generating, transmission & distribution units see lead acid batteries as their savior for DC back up. This has also led to monopoly of the Plante type LA battery in the Indian market. Despite being robust, these batteries have encountered problems of strap corrosion, pillar erosion, electrolyte contamination, and separator puncture. 

Additionally, the acidic electrolyte and lead used in the battery also pose an environmental threat. Disposal of scrap batteries is a challenge for all industries. The lithium-ion batteries are evolving as a competitor. They are good for Indian application given hot climatic conditions. But they still face the challenge of higher cost, limited technology, raw material outsourcing & the heavier size.

Lead acid batteries are designed for recycling. As per a report by American Chemical Society, 99% of the lead acid batteries are 100% recycled. Whereas only 5% of the lithium batteries are currently being recycled. Unofficial recycling and landfills are a serious threat to the environment & public health. In India, management of battery and disposal is governed by the MoEFCC.

Collaboration is required between government and organizations to develop facilities and educate people regarding the relevance of battery recycling. Awareness on the risks of improper battery disposal through education initiatives and health campaigns; motivation for proper disposal of batteries through media campaigns, school projects and community programs should be emphasised.

If properly backed up by strict guidelines and mass awareness, lead acid batteries can prove to be the most feasible answer to the question of energy storage despite their limitations.

We have options, resources as well as policies through which we look forward to facing this challenge in the future. Development is both imperative & relative, but with vigilant efforts we can ensure the environment walks hand in hand in our journey.

(This article is written by Gunjan Patel, Participant of Executive MBA in Energy Transition, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais and Deputy General Manager, AMNS India and Sanjay Kumar Kar, Professor, Marketing & Energy, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais)

ကိုးကား-  https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/energy-storage-a-grappling-challenge-for-green-energy-revolution/118381478

History is indelible, and 12 February 2025 marks the 78th Union Day of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Throughout Myanmar’s history, it was only under the reigns of Anawrahta, Bayintnaung, and Alaungpaya that we managed to chronicle the unity of all national brethren in the archive called history. On 12 February 1947, the endeavours of our national leader, General Aung San, and the martyrs – to put an end to the apartheid imposed by the British government between Upper and Lower Myanmar – were acknowledged. The Panglong Agreement was reached between the leaders representing Upper Myanmar and the government of Myanmar, led by General Aung San. This agreement was a prerequisite demanded by the British government for Myanmar to attain independence.
However, the stark reality is that, amid rising political conflicts, democratic decline, and violence, union solidarity is crumbling – and, we, the people of Myanmar, are witnessing it unfold before our eyes. The shared patriotic spirit within us will certainly condemn any act that threatens to divide the union. On our journey to pave the way for Federal Democracy, we cannot lose sight of our ultimate goal – that is, to safeguard the perpetual peace and unity of Myanmar.
“Unity is strength.” As the motto goes, we cannot let differing political views divide us, or else every inch of our concerted effort in building this nation will be in vain. If we wish to harness the collective strength of our national brethren, restoring consensus, harmony, and solidarity among diverse ethnic groups is inevitable. This, undoubtedly, is not beyond our capabilities. By promoting understanding and fostering compassion, we will not only create a harmonious and inclusive society, but we will also strengthen the union spirit among us.
Furthermore, we must keep in mind that foreign interference – one of the root causes propelling Myanmar towards political unrest – is our shared adversary. Myanmar’s geographical location serves as a strategic point for warfare and economic advantage for some powerful nations seeking global dominance. Exploiting insurrections, political chaos, and Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) in Myanmar, these external forces trample upon and sacrifice the people of Myanmar for their own gain. Therefore, any form of foreign intervention or encroachment in Myanmar’s internal affairs is reprehensible. Together, we serve as sentinels, watching for any potential threats that may befall our motherland. It is our shared duty to keep the sovereignty of Myanmar in safe custody.
Myanmar, with its seven states and seven regions, has been passed down to us by our ancestors, and we are duty-bound to preserve the union territory they have entrusted us with. This is why we must join hands in harmony with one another and repel any kind of external interference. Let us remember that it is we and we alone – with compassion and understanding – who can steadfastly keep union solidarity intact and ensure peace and stability within the state.
To conclude, I proudly hail the 78th Union Day by chanting the motto:
“United in heart and soul, marching towards the Union’s goal.”

Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar

Every day, we hear the word "love"—spoken in conversations, sung in songs, seen in movies and celebrated in literature. All major religions and spiritual teachings remind us of the importance of love. From the biblical command to "Love others as you love your own heart" to the Buddhist principle of compassion, love is universally presented as the foundation of human harmony. Yet, despite these teachings, our world remains plagued by war, conflict, and division. Why is there such a profound disconnect between the ideals of love and the reality of human behavior?

One poignant reminder of this disconnect comes from the lyrics of the song "Where Is the Love?" by Black Eyed Peas, which challenges us to reflect on the state of the world we live in, asking questions like, “Can you practice what you preach?” In a world where hatred and violence often seem to dominate, love remains a powerful, yet underutilized, force.

The Universality of Love

Love is a force that transcends all barriers—cultural, religious, and geographical. It is a universal language, uniting humanity across the globe, and has been celebrated by countless spiritual leaders and philosophers throughout history. As Mahatma Gandhi once said, ‘The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others,’ highlighting that love is not about personal gain, but about selflessness and service to others. Similarly, Nelson Mandela taught that, ‘No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love.’ These timeless insights remind us that love is not simply an emotion—it is a transformative power, capable of bridging divides, healing wounds, and bringing lasting peace to our world.

Buddhism, for instance, teaches metta, or loving-kindness, as a core discipline. Practicing metta involves cultivating an unconditional, inclusive love for all beings, even those who may have wronged us. This practice challenges individuals to transcend ego and fear, fostering compassion that can heal divisions.

The Consequences of a Love-Deficient World

As of 2024, the world continues to grapple with an unprecedented number of violent conflicts. Over 110 armed conflicts are being monitored globally, marking the highest number of violent disputes in recent decades. These conflicts have left an indelible mark on women and children. Over 473 million children—more than one in six globally—now live in areas affected by conflict. Similarly, nearly 600 million women and girls are enduring the ravages of war, with the number increasing by 50% over the past decade. By the end of 2024, 47.2 million children had been displaced due to conflict and violence. In conflict zones, 70% of women experience sexual violence, a staggering figure that is double the global average.

The trauma faced by women and children underscores the dire need for action to protect the most vulnerable in these regions. Such grim realities reflect a world where love and compassion are overshadowed by greed, hatred, and power struggles. The lack of love manifests in systemic injustices, exploitation, and the perpetuation of cycles of violence. As the Dalai Lama aptly stated, “Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity cannot survive.

The Power of Love to Heal and Transform

Throughout history, love has been heralded as the ultimate force for healing and unity. The Vietnamese monk Thich Nhat Hanh once said, "Through love, we recognize the suffering of others as our own and nurture understanding." This perspective highlights love's transformative power, emphasizing that it fosters empathy and shared humanity, even in the darkest times.

The teachings of Maya Angelou echo this sentiment: "Love recognizes no barriers. It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, penetrates walls to arrive at its destination full of hope." His words underscore the vital role of love in our collective survival and well-being. In the face of war and division, love serves as a counterweight, enabling individuals and communities to heal and rebuild.

Even in modern conflict zones, love finds a way to manifest. Stories of individuals risking their lives to protect others, communities supporting displaced families, and survivors forgiving their oppressors serve as testaments to the enduring power of love. For instance, Huda Sha'arawi, an Egyptian feminist, defied societal norms and dedicated her life to advocating for women's rights and empowerment, showing how love for justice can transcend cultural boundaries. Similarly, Carlos Arredondo, during the Boston Marathon bombing, risked his own safety to save the lives of strangers, embodying how love and empathy can drive selfless action in the face of tragedy. These acts remind us that love is not passive; it is an active force capable of overcoming hatred.

Why Love is the Answer

In a world rife with division, love emerges as the antidote to conflict and suffering. Love is not just a feeling; it is an active choice and a transformative force. By choosing love, we create ripples of empathy and understanding that counteract hatred and violence.

Acts of love, no matter how small, have the power to bridge divides and heal wounds. Stories of solidarity—such as neighbors helping each other in times of crisis or communities uniting after tragedies—remind us of love’s capacity to restore hope. Desmond Tutu’s words ring true: "Do your little bit of good where you are; it’s those little bits of good put together that overwhelm the world."

Moreover, love is at the heart of peacebuilding efforts. Diplomats, activists, and leaders who prioritize empathy and forgiveness can foster dialogue and reconciliation. Love compels us to see the humanity in others, even those we might perceive as adversaries.

Let’s Rediscover Love

If we want to create a world where love triumphs over conflict, we must begin with ourselves. Love must extend beyond words and manifest in our actions. It requires us to challenge our prejudices, listen to those who are different from us, and work toward common ground.

The teachings of love from religions and philosophies are not outdated ideals; they are more relevant than ever in today’s divided world. They remind us that while conflict and hatred may dominate the headlines, love remains humanity’s greatest strength and hope.

So, where is the love? It’s in the choices we make every day—to be kind, to forgive, to understand, and to stand together. By embracing love as a way of life, we can begin to heal a fractured world and pave the way for a more peaceful future.

Reference List:

• Black Eyed Peas. (2003). Where Is the Love? [Song]. In Elephunk. Interscope Records.
• Gandhi, M. (n.d.). The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. Retrieved from Gandhi Foundation
• Mandela, N. (1994). Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown and Company.
• Dalai Lama. (n.d.). Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity cannot survive. Retrieved from Dalai Lama's official website
• Hanh, T. N. (1996). The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation. Parallax Press.
• Angelou, M. (2008). Letter to My Daughter. Random House.
• Sendler, I. (n.d.). Irena Sendler: The Woman Who Saved 2,500 Jewish Children. Retrieved from Irena Sendler Project
• Arredondo, C. (2013). Carlos Arredondo and the Boston Marathon Bombing. Retrieved from PBS News
• Sha'arawi, H. (1920s). Feminism and Women’s Rights in Egypt: Memoirs of Huda Sha'arawi. The Feminist Press.
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2024). Armed Conflict and Peace Efforts. Retrieved from https://www.sipri.org/
• International Committee of the Red Cross. (2024). The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Women and Children. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2024). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2024. United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/

What is Tax?
1. A tax is money charged to a taxpayer, an individual or a legal entity, to support government spending and public expenditures. All countries have a tax system in place to pay for the functions of government. In terms of economics, taxation is the compulsory transfer of payment from households or businesses to the government. Taxes comprise direct and indirect taxes. Direct tax is paid to the government directly by the taxpayers such as income tax, corporate tax and property tax. Indirect taxes are levied on goods and services and these are transferable with consumers ultimately paying the tax. Examples of indirect taxes are Sales Tax, Value-added Tax, Goods and Services Tax and Customs Duties. The taxation process involves two primary players, taxpayers and the tax office. The taxpayer is responsible for paying taxes and the tax office is responsible for collecting taxes on behalf of the government.

When did tax start in Myanmar?
2. In Myanmar, during the Bagan dynasty, the citizens paid taxes and the authorities levied taxes. Those duties and responsibilities to levy taxes and pay taxes on both sides were stated in Razabiseka Adeikhtan (oath) and Singaha Taya Lay-pa, which are the basic concepts of taxation administration of Myanmar kings. In the ceremony of the king’s coronation, he was asked to rule his country according to the law and order in receiving public taxes, and in exploiting one-tenth of the public tax and govern his people with justice and mercy. In the periods of Bagan, Sagaing, Pin-ya, Inwa, Toungoo, Nyaung-Yan and Konbaung, taxes were levied throughout the period. The records of collecting taxes can be found in the inscriptions of Bagan. In those periods, paying taxes could be in the form of garments, copper or paddy. However, the rates of tax on land varied from region to region because different production rates depended on different kinds of soil and the attitudes of the local chief who levied taxes. In addition, taxes were collected on different resources such as gold, silver, ruby, topaz, white copper and bronze.
After the British annexation of the whole of Myanmar in 1886, the colonial administration was introduced by the British. Then, Division, Subdivision, Districts, Townships and Villages are divided to administer in Myanmar. In 1888, a financial commissioner was entrusted to control the revenue collection. The revenue collected from the respective townships was submitted to the central treasury in Yangon. The most important taxation under British rule was land tax and other taxes practised in the colonial period include Tha-tha-me-da Tax, Capitation Tax, Excise Tax and Municipal Tax.
After Independence, the Internal Revenue Department was established on 1-10-1972 to develop the new administration system by merging all separate departments. At the time of establishment, IRD collected ten types of tax listed as income tax, profit tax, trade tax, excise tax, Aung Ba Lay Thein Su tax, stamp duty, land tax, water tax and dam tax, In-Ai tax, and mineral tax.
After 1988, when the government changed to a market economy, to make the tax collection system more effective, five types of tax, namely land tax, water tax, embankment tax, excise tax and mineral tax were transferred to the General Administration Department. At the moment, IRD is responsible for collecting five types of taxes, namely income tax, commercial tax, specific goods tax, state lottery tax and stamp duty.

What are the different types of tax systems?
3. Tax systems are structured depending on the ability-to-pay principle. This principle states that taxes should be levied on people according to how well they can carry the burden. Three types of tax are listed as
(i) Proportional taxes
(ii) Regressive taxes
(iii) Progressive taxes
Proportional taxes also known as flat taxes require all taxpayers to pay the same fraction of their income whatever their level of income is. The tax rate doesn’t change whether income increases or decreases. The weak point in proportional taxes is that the gap between the rich and the poor is becoming higher as time passes by. Regressive taxes require high-income taxpayers to pay a smaller fraction of their income than low-income taxpayers. That means as income rises, the tax rate decreases. A regressive tax is practised by countries when collecting indirect taxes. No matter someone’s income level, he or she can purchase the product or services at the same price. Progressive taxes mean when income rises, the tax rate increases which means high-income taxpayers are required to pay a larger fraction of their income than low-income taxpayers. The tax rates differ based on the amount of income with a threshold. Many developing countries practice progressive income tax structures to alleviate poverty by redistributing wealth. Myanmar also practices progressive taxes, which means higher income levels are taxed at increased rates.

Who administers taxes in Myanmar?
4. The Internal Revenue Department is the tax agency which is authorized to collect different types of taxes in Myanmar. The Ministry of Planning and Finance merged the previously independent Profit Tax Department, Commercial Tax Department, Excise Department, State Lottery Department, Stamp Duty Department, Revenue Section of the General Administration Department, and the Office of the Financial Commissioner and originated the Internal Revenue Department on 1 October 1972, to oversee all tax assessments. Two methods of tax collection system practised by IRD are;
(i) Official Assessment System (OAS)
(ii) Self-Assessment System (SAS)
Under the Official Assessment System, the tax office makes assessments based on the facts provided by the taxpayer. That system puts a lot of authority in the hands of a tax officer as the individual tax officer is responsible for taxpayer service, tax audit and tax collection. According to human nature, their reluctance to pay tax out of their pocket, that system could lead to a lot of negotiations between tax authorities and taxpayers. Hence, IRD attempts to put the Self-Assessment System into practice as a part of their reform process. The four tax offices using the Self-Assessment System are the Large Taxpayers’ Office (1), (2) and Medium Taxpayers’ Office (1), (2). The tax collection of these offices is 80 per cent of the total tax collection. In a self-assessment system, taxpayers must calculate the amount of tax due from the income they receive or will receive and pay it within a specified period. In addition, quarterly tax return forms and annual tax return forms must be submitted on time within the prescribed time limit according to law. Taxpayers may request an extension of time if such timely filing is difficult. Taxpayers may inquire about matters related to tax laws in person, in writing, or by telephone at the Taxpayer Service Department of IRD.

What is a Tax Appeal?
5. Tax disputes occur when taxpayers disagree with the assessment order provided by tax authorities. When tax disputes occur, tax appeals become effective. Tax appeal is a common way to resolve any tax disagreements taxpayers have with the tax agency. Under a particular tax law, the right to tax appeal if one is dissatisfied with the assessment order is provided. Thus, tax appeals are a legal process by which taxpayers can challenge tax assessments or decisions made by tax authorities. Tax appeal aims to ensure fairness and accuracy in tax administration.
In the tax appeal process, there are two stages listed as
(i) Internal Review
(ii) External Review
An internal review is a tax appeal process where the dispute is reviewed by officials within the same tax authority or department that made the initial decision. This review is conducted within the tax agency or department and tax authorities reassess the original tax decision. Internal review is often quicker, less formal and cheaper than going through external channels. If the taxpayers reach satisfaction, they are not required to go through an external review. An external review is a tax appeal process which takes place outside the tax authority and involves an independent body or tribunal. If the tax dispute remains unresolved after the internal review, taxpayers can proceed to external review. The external review process is more impartial and formal. The judgment passed by the external body is binding on both the taxpayer and the tax authority. In some countries, the decision passed by such an external body is final and conclusive and in some countries, if the taxpayer remains dissatisfied, he can proceed to the highest jurisdiction in the country.

How was the Revenue Appellate Tribunal formed in Myanmar?
6. In Myanmar, tax appeal was introduced in 1954 and the Income Tax Tribunal was formed under subsection (a) of Section 5 of the Burma Income Tax Act and only income tax appeals were adjudicated at that time. In 1972, the Revenue Appellate Tribunal was formed by Notification 120 dated 23-10-1972 of the Ministry of Planning and Finance with four members including the Chairperson to hear and adjudicate not only income tax appeal cases but also appeals, revisions, reviews and references related to customs duties, excise duties and stamp duties. Subsequently, the Income Tax Tribunal was changed into the Revenue Appellate Tribunal. Later, the Revenue Appellate Tribunal was formed by Notification 12 dated 11-12-1976 of Cabinet in 1976, Notification 6/89 dated 28-7-1989 of Government of the Union of Myanmar in 1989, Notification 54/2017 dated 31-5-2017 of Government of Republic of the Union of Myanmar in 2017 respectively and cases were heard. The Tribunal was formed by Notifications of the Cabinet without legislation and cases were heard for a long time. In 2018, the Revenue Appellate Tribunal bill was submitted and the Law was enacted by Law 23 of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw on 1-8-2018.
7. The Revenue Appellate Tribunal has quasi-judicial power, it is constituted of experts and experienced persons in the fields of law, taxation, accounting and auditing per international standards to adjudicate cases filed to the Tribunal regarding revenues collected by the Union Government and such cases are being heard independently and adjudicated impartially. In the exercise of the power conferred by sub-section (a) of Section 4 of the Revenue Appellate Tribunal Law, the Tribunal comprising eight members including the Chairperson was formed and assigned by the Union Government Notification in 2020.

Which types of cases can be filed to the Tribunal?
8. Four types of cases can be filed to the Tribunal such as appeal, revision, review and reference.
Appeal
Appeal means an appeal filed to the Tribunal against an assessment order passed by any department responsible for collecting internal revenue or by the Customs department or against a final decision on an assessment order made by any government department or organization assigned by the Union Government through a notification from time to time. An appeal may be filed to the Revenue Appellate Tribunal using the form prescribed by the Tribunal within 90 days from the date of the receipt of the said order. Even though filing has not been made during the limitation period, the appeal may be accepted if there is sufficient cause.

Revision
Revision means a case re-filed by an aggrieved person to the Tribunal, to revise, with respect to issues of fact, against the order passed by the Tribunal. Revision may be filed to the Tribunal using the form prescribed by the Tribunal within 60 days from the date of the receipt of the decision of the Tribunal.

Review
Review means a case re-filed to the Tribunal by any person receiving the decision of the Tribunal, to review the decision. The power is conferred upon the Revenue Appellate Tribunal to review its decision under the law. Review may be filed to the Revenue Appellate Tribunal using the form prescribed by the Tribunal within 90 days from the date of the receipt of the decision of the Tribunal. Review may be filed to the Tribunal where there is reasonable ground following Rule 1, Order 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

Reference
Reference means a case referred to the Supreme Court of the Union regarding issues of law, after hearing it by the full bench. When the applicant or respondent applies for a reference or any issue arises to refer the case to the Supreme Court of the Union, the full bench shall decide whether it should be referred. Reference may be filed to the Tribunal using the form prescribed by the Tribunal within 60 days from the date of the receipt of the judgment of the Tribunal.

The role of the Revenue Appellate Tribunal
9. Notwithstanding anything in any existing laws, revenue appeals shall be filed and heard only under Revenue Appellate Tribunal Law, which is promulgated in section 41 of the Revenue Appellate Tribunal Law. Thus, an appeal against orders or decisions of all kinds of revenue (taxes, fees, licence fees, permit fees or fines), against all forms of revenue in the schedule (1) of Union Taxation Law and customs duties shall be submitted to the Revenue Appellate Tribunal in line with the rules. Cases submitted to the Tribunal have been heard and adjudicated independently under the law and for cases heard by the Tribunal, the decision on issues of fact is final.
10. To conclude, the location of the Revenue Appellate Tribunal and its office is Office No 57, north of Thirimantine Road, Ottarathiri Township. Anyone willing to file an “appeal”, everyone is welcome to reach the Revenue Appellate Tribunal office. RAT members and its staff have made earnest efforts to prevent revenue loss and provide the best service to every taxpayer. The Revenue Appellate Tribunal has strived to ensure justice, equality, the right of defence and the right of appeal for Myanmar citizens and taxpayers.
References
– The Internal Revenue Department website
– The Revenue Appellate Tribunal website
– Taxpayers’ Perception of Service of the Tax Office Under the Self-Assessment System
– Access to Tax Justice by Michael Walpole
– Revenues of Myanmar in the British Administration
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar

Your smart watch alerts you of a new social media post from a friend. She just shared a video of her dog jumping in mud. You probably don’t think at all about how that video got to you. Or consider how your emojis will get back to your friend.
You and your friend could be on the same block, or on two different continents, yet the internet connects you. Almost like magic. But the internet is not magic. The simple explanation is that the internet “is a network of computers where people can share information,” says Anne Lee. She is an expert in telecommunications at Nokia Bell Labs in Naperville, Ill.
Telecommunications includes any exchange of information — also called data — over a distance. The global internet is more than just computers, though. It’s a massive structure, with components that crisscross the globe. Cables snake below your feet. Wireless signals fly over your head. Numerous devices hide within your community. Your devices tap into this structure whenever they exchange data.
When the internet first became commonplace, people called it the “information superhighway.” Thinking about roads can really help you understand how it all works.

Cables are the roads of the Cables are the roads of the internet
When your family goes on a road trip, you probably start out on smaller side streets. Then you merge onto a highway where you can travel quickly with lots of other drivers. The internet’s infrastructure is similar. Its vast network of roadlike cables direct data from far-flung places toward large central channels. Traveling data are even called “internet traffic.”
Fiber-optic cables are the roads of the internet. They contain glass filaments that carry data as bursts of light. Over 500 of these cables stretch beneath the oceans. Even more are buried underground or strung up on poles. If you could stretch out all the fiber-optic cable on Earth end-to-end, it would reach around 4 billion kilometers (2.5 billion miles).
All that cable would stretch from the sun past the orbit of Uranus! Just as roads have different numbers of lanes, these cables also come in different sizes.
Bigger cables with more filaments can carry more data at once. Bandwidth is the rate of data passing through every second. The thickest cables, about the size of a garden hose, are like an interstate highway. They have the highest bandwidth.

Routers and exchanges are like intersections
Traveling somewhere on roads requires making lots of turns. Devices called routers exist anywhere that internet cables come together, like an intersection where roads meet. These devices direct data toward a final destination.
If the ISPs that operate different networks of cables and routers kept their systems separate, that would be a problem. It would be like having entire road systems that people couldn’t reach. To connect the entire world, ISPs have to link up.

Data centers are like parking garages
It may seem like your friend’s silly dog video went directly from her device to yours. But that’s not usually what happens. When people share, or upload, a video or anything else to the internet, the content ends up in a building called a data center.
This is like a parking garage for data. A data center is filled with computers called servers. It also contains systems to supply electricity and keep everything cool. Videos and other content sit waiting on those servers until someone asks for them. But that’s not all servers do. They also store the programs required to run many of the apps and software that you use. Keeping content and pro-
grams in a data center means that these files and programs are available whenever anyone wants to use them. So your devices don’t need to keep a copy of every single program or piece of content you need. And your devices can be quite small in size.

Wireless goes off-road
For a car to get somewhere, there generally has to be a road to follow. Internet data, though, can easily go off-road. That’s because data can travel through the air in the form of radio signals. A home or business often has its own Wi-Fi network. In a simple home network, there’s just one router. It has an antenna that sends and receives radio signals from all the devices in the home.
If you are outside without any Wi-Fi, you can often still use the internet. You have to connect to a cellular network. This network uses tall structures called cell towers to send and receive radio signals. You can often see these towers when you’re out driving around. “They have what looks like plates at the top,” says Lee.
“Those are antennas.” Cellular networks also contain smaller antennas that aren’t as easy to notice. Wi-Fi routers and cellular antennas have cables that connect them to the rest of the network.
Each cellular antenna can only reach devices located within a certain radius. 5G antennas send signals at the fastest rates.This gives people the highest internet speeds. But these signals also reach the shortest distance. In many areas, wireless antennas are spaced around 1.6 to 5 kilometers (about 1 to 3 miles) apart.

A video’s internet road trip
Imagine that you just captured a pic of your cat yawning. You know your friends would love it. You tap to post it to a shared photo album. That single tap triggers a flurry of activity. First, says Lee, “the picture itself is broken up into small pieces.” These are called packets. Each packet gets bundled with a lot of extra information, such as what the picture is and how to put its packets back together. There’s also info on how to fix any errors that might happen during the journey.
And there may be a layer of encryption to keep the packet safe, so no one but the receiver can read its data. There are also two addresses, one for the sender (you) and another for the receiver. If you’re using an Apple device, the receiver would be a server inside a data center owned by Apple. That data center may be located quite far from you.
Your device sends these packets out into the air as radio signals. The router in your home picks up the signals. It sends them into the fiber-optic network. Now, they are traveling as bursts of light. The packets zip along through many routers and cables. They pass through internet exchange points. 

Source: Myawady Daily Newspaper

Edward Snowden hoo-ha might have ended ten years ago, but illegal spying by the US carries on, both on its partners and anyone it wants to control, via warrantless surveillance rights to indiscriminately monitor communications of all internet users around the world.
Snowden popularized the term ‘metadata’ and started a heated debate about mass surveillance. He had succeeded beyond imagination. But who is there to defend our democracy and rights in this digital age?
The intelligence agencies (CIA, NSA, FBI – acronyms stated at end of article) dismissed such claims at that time, arguing that their programmes are constitutional, and subject to rigorous congressional and judicial oversight, yet critical to meet their overriding aim of protecting the public from terrorist attacks. As usual, they regurgitate the age-old slogan: if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to be scared of!
The whole world was shaken at that time. Its allies were rightly upset, its so-called enemies were proven right about what they had suspected all along, people were livid due to lack of some social responsibility, US internet companies claimed they were forced into cooperation and NGOs warned that surveillance was going beyond the intention of lawmakers.
Cell phones, laptops, Facebook, Instagram, X, Skype, and chat rooms: all allow the NSA to build what it calls ‘a pattern of life’, a detailed profile of a target and anyone associated with them. And the number of people caught up in this dragnet can be huge. You have to recall the Bourne Identity, Supremacy and Ultimatum trilogy of movies, to visualize the level of spying and black ops going on.
Ten years ago, faced with this growing public and political concern over the quantities of data it is collecting, the NSA said it collected only a tiny proportion of the world’s internet traffic, equivalent to a “dime on a basketball court”. But in reality, that is still a huge amount of data. It says it needs all this data to help prevent another terrorist attack like 9/11. To find the needle in the haystack, they argue, they need access to the whole haystack. Yet, the US Congress did not find any substantial evidence of NSA actions stopping terrorist attacks. NSA claimed 54 terror attacks being stopped, but was fact-checked to be only 4.
That was ten years ago. The chances were you were already sharing a lot more personal information than you thought, even back then.

Spying Continued
Now Five Eyes countries jointly conduct cyber espionage operations eavesdropping, tapping and collecting metadata upon other countries from Russia to China to Germany and France. Instead of toning down its indiscriminate monitoring and illegal spying operations, the Five Eyes have up their ante by introducing programmes such as False Flag operations, misleading traceability attribution and implanted backdoors in the internet products US companies sold to other countries.
US longstanding strategy of ‘forward defence’ and carrying out ‘hunt forward’ operations requires that it continues to stealthily spy on other countries by hook or by crook. At the same time, since Snowden’s time, due to investigations by US lawmakers, the tactics have gone underground, trying to cover up its attacks, erasing fingerprints of cyber espionage and attempting to obscure various identifiable features of its assaults. The worst of all was inputting code ‘strings’ in other languages to mislead cybersecurity experts and frame other countries for cybersurveillance.
According to China’s CVERC, Volt Typhoon was one such programme, deployed by the Five Eyes recently. China’s Global Times also highlighted a stealth tool kit codenamed ‘Marble’ used in such operations. The report claimed Marble can use over 100 algorithms to replace readable content in source code files with unrecognizable content and has the ability to insert interfering strings.
False Flag operations are a major component of Influence Operations by the Five Eyes countries. Influence operations include two aspects: (dis) Information operations and Technical disruption operations. Its 4D principles of deny, disrupt, degrade, and deceive are in full observation in its cyber spying activities.
Five Eyes’ illicit spying activities are helped by the fact that much of the world’s communications traffic passes through the US or its close ally the UK – what the agencies refer to as “home-field advantage”, because of the fact that it can control the world’s most internet choke points such as Atlantic submarine fibre optic cable and Pacific submarine fibre optic cable. The UK is connected to 57 countries by fibre optic cables whereas the US is connected to 63. NSA works closely with the FBI and British NCSC to carry out protocol analysis and data theft of the full amount of data transmitted by fibre optic cables, to achieve wholesale monitoring of internet users around the world.
The NSA has its own cable-intercept programs tapping traffic flowing into and across the US. These are collectively known as the Upstream collection. NSA runs these surveillance programmes through “partnerships” with major US telecom and internet companies. The Upstream project function is to retain all the original communication data of submarine fibre optic cables intercepted by monitoring stations in a massive data ‘reservoir’. The second project of NSA is Prism, whose main function is to classify the original data from the Upstream collection accordingly and to analyze its content. It is also a “downstream” programme – which collects the data from Google, Facebook, Apple, Yahoo and other US internet giants.
The above snooping would be sufficient provided if the data that they wanted actually travelled through the above submarine pipelines. What if the data they wanted to spy on stayed just within Russia or China? To solve this problem NSA conducts CNE for specific targets located in such blind spots and the Office of TAO follows up with the dirty work. To be specific, using advanced US technology and products, in cooperation with US internet, software and equipment suppliers, TAO would intercept and disassemble US products purchased by the entities in these blind spot territories, implant backdoors and repackage them before shipping them to their destination. These products once in use, would transmit back the required top-secret content back to NSA headquarters.
The division inside the NSA that deals with collection programmes that focus on private companies is Special Source Operations, described by Snowden as the “crown jewels” of the NSA, under the heading of ‘Corporate Partner Access’. It has already set out its mission: “Leverage unique key corporate partnerships to gain access to high-capacity international fibre optic cables, switches and/or routes throughout the world.” The names of many of the NSA’s “corporate partners” are so sensitive that they are classified as “ECI” — Exceptionally Controlled Information.

The future
Public opinion is polarized over surveillance, but polls over recent years showed a consistent increase in concern over privacy. Meanwhile, the unlawful activities by the Five Eyes continued, invading the privacy of many, not under its sovereignty as well as stealing the confidential top-secret information of other countries.
With the new peace-advocating President in place this year, hopefully, these anti-peace activities will discontinue soon. Optimistically, the $400 million assistance via Burma Act to antigovernment forces could be halted too, thereby stopping $20,000+ a month funding to each of the illegal fake news agencies in Chiang Mai, that did more to bring the country down than help any fellow citizens prosper.

Acronyms:
NSA: National Security Agency
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation
Metadata: Data providing information about other aspects of that data, e.g., information about the time and location of a phone call or email, as opposed to the contents of those conversations or messages.
Five Eyes countries: US, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand,
False Flag operation: an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party.
Traceability attribution: tracing and attributing security-relevant actions (i.e., subject-object interactions) to the entity on whose behalf the action is being taken.
Implanted backdoor: a typically covert method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer, product, embedded device (e.g. a home router), or its embodiment.
CVERC: China Virus Emergency Response Centre
String: a data type used in programming, that is used to represent text rather than numbers.
NCSC: National Cyber Security Centre
Protocol analysis: tools to identify and create categories of propositions and semantic organization of text segments.
CNE: Computer Network Exploitation
TAO: Tailed Access Operation

Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar

Nowadays, the world is more traumatized by the oppression of various diseases than ever before. The incidence and prevalence of these diseases are on the rise. These can be ascribed to changes in diet and lifestyle, poverty, malnutrition, climatic changes and more stressful situations. In the event of a disease, the public goes to a hospital to seek a cure. When patients and their family members arrive at the hospital, public relations in the hospital commence. In this context, public relations mean a two-way communication process between the hospital and its internal public (all hospital staff) and external public (patients, their families, their communities, and social media, among others). This article focuses on how to improve the public relation between patients and hospital staff.
Hospital staff are obliged to deal with many patients every day. The Emergency Department and the Out-patient Department are two channels through which the hospital staff start their relations with the patients. Therefore, the hospital needs to equip the staff posted in these departments with high social and organizational skills so that people will be willing to attend the hospital without any anxiety in case of a disease.
The Emergency Department is the best resort for seriously ill patients and persons severely wounded due to accidents and disasters. Usually, the minds of patients arriving there are overtaxed with financial constraints, social problems and psychological upset. Therefore, the staff should extend a warm welcome to these sorrow-stricken patients with a sweet smile on their faces. They should not wear a stern face in the presence of patients and their relatives. The staff on duty should be in their uniforms which can boost patients’ confidence in them. Moreover, the staff should be kind, courteous and helpful to patients. The staff should listen to them attentively and deal with their inquiries politely. In addition, the staff should guide them in detail and treat them in an encouraging and consoling manner. The staff should always remember to say “Thank you” to every patient. This can prevent the patients from lodging complaints and creating conflicts. But, if a complaint or a conflict occurs inevitably, the staff should curb his or her emotion, report the issue to the senior staff, find the root cause and negotiate to reach a solution.
In the outpatient department, the medical staff should examine the patients carefully, give them instructions to do necessary investigations and prescribe treatments for them. For the investigations to be done, the attendants of the patients rush to the laboratory and the Radiological Department and wait nervously for the results. For more convenience of the waiting patients there, waiting time should be minimized. Waiting facilities should be supplied adequately. Queue jumping should not be allowed. Waiting areas should be spacious and well-ventilated. There should be enough power and water supply. Clean toilets should be provided sufficiently.
For a patient to be admitted to a ward, the admission procedure should not be cumbersome and over-processed. Unnecessary delay should be avoided. Prompt attention and effective care should be given to him or her. The staff assigned to the ward should respect the dignity of the patient and the confidentiality of the information about his or her disease. Privacy should be given to the patient if necessary. The ward should be furnished with all necessary physical facilities to solace the worried patients and their attendants.
During the hospital stay, the family members and relatives gather round the patient to encourage him or her. So, the need to satisfy the desire of the patient to see the family members and to limit the number of visitors should be balanced. However, enough guest hours should be allowed.
Blood requisition and blood transfusion processes are very important for a patient who is seriously ill and anaemic. The patient’s family members would not tolerate any delay in receiving blood from the blood bank and transfusing blood into the patient. As blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure, all the staff concerned should try to understand and empathize with the patient and his or her family members. Therefore, they should concentrate their attention on doing a timely blood transfusion for the patient; otherwise, it could cost his or her life.
The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) should be fully provided with sociable and efficient staff and intensive care facilities. As a rule, only one attendant is allowed for a patient. But, if necessary, the number of attendants should be increased. The ICU staff should keep a close eye on the changing situations of the patient at all times and encourage the attendants as well.
In the process of removing a dead body to the mortuary from a hospital ward, which is a most sensitive case, due respect should be shown to it. The mourning family members should be consoled with sympathy and empathy. The process should be done with the least disturbance to others in the ward. If there is a plan for an autopsy, it should be undertaken immediately after asking permission from a family member or a close relative.
In all dealings with the patients, the hospital staff should be patient-centred. They should be free from bias and discrimination in providing their services. They should always practise optimism, harmony and understanding towards the patients. They should explain to the patients about their diseases. At the same time, they should engage the patients in making decisions regarding their cases.
Today, a hospital is the haunt of the various media. The reporters frequent the hospital to elicit the news of the hospital from the staff. So the hospital staff should take much care in dealing with the questions of the media and, at the same time, they should be on amicable terms with them. To be able to evade the traps laid by shrewd reporters, they should have problem-solving, diplomatic, discourse analytical and public presentation skills.
The hospital staff tend to work more energetically and actively in a happy and pleasant work environment. So, they should be motivated by giving incentives of various forms. These should include good salaries, pay raises, cash rewards, the welfare of employees and their families, different kinds of leave, flexible scheduling, words or letters of appreciation for their performances and achievements, job transfer to a better position, job promotion and opportunities for further education. Only then, would they become motivated staff. The staff would motivate the patients. However, one important point is that the administrative team and heads of the wards should exercise just culture but avoid blaming the staff.
In conclusion, it is observed that the public relation of a hospital depends much upon the efficiency, performance, and attitude of its staff and the physical facilities. Therefore, it is suggested that regular training courses in public relations should be given to all the staff, that a sufficient amount of staff should be appointed, lest the staff would be overloaded with tasks, and that new generations of efficient, industrious and dutiful staff should be recruited regularly. Moreover, a public relations management office should be opened and, at any rate, no stone should be left unturned in undertaking all the measures to improve public relations in the hospital. It is also aware that the motivated, satisfied staff can make the motivated, satisfied patients, that the motivated, satisfied patients can find speedy recovery from their diseases and that, as a consequence, this hospital will be reputed to be a prestigious one among the public. Therefore, this hospital would, undoubtedly, become their choice if the patients, their family members and relatives are afflicted with a certain disease. Hence, it is taken for granted that the promotion of public relations in a hospital can serve as an impetus to its development and good image.

Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar

DO you know what is the one thing every human seeks from the moment they understand what it means to be human until they die? I will give you the infallible answer: it is ‘happiness’. Take a moment to reflect on yourself; you will find that you have also been searching for ‘happiness’ every day and night, and even now, in your current situation, you are still pursuing ‘happiness’.
In childhood, we searched for happiness in playing and eating activities. When we reached adulthood, we sought happiness in our ability to provide for our needs and fulfill our emotional desires. As we age into the later stages of life, with declining health, we build happiness through exercises, medication, and engaging in activities we are passionate about, such as gardening, walking, enjoying music, or finding peace through meditation or religion. We continuously seek ‘happiness’ in ways that suit us best, isn’t that, right?
Here, I want to ask two questions: Have you truly found and felt happiness? Have you achieved satisfaction to the extent that you desire? In fact, you might be surprised to know that the ‘happiness’ we are searching for until the end of our lives is already within us. Please don’t be surprised, my friend. Now, I would like to share with you a study paper about the key points of ‘happiness’ conducted by a group of scientists. They are as follows:
If you were asked the question “What is happiness?”, then what would be your answer? It may be hard for you to come up with a clear-cut answer. Your answer may be different from those of other people. Moreover, the definition of happiness may change over time - today’s view on happiness may be a different one tomorrow. Thus, happiness is a difficult concept to measure, because it is not constant.
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2016), ‘happiness’ means ‘a state of well-being and contentment’. Psychologically, when you are in a peaceful state of mind or when you have no stressful factors to think about, you are most likely to feel relaxed and happy. Whatever you are - a student, a worker, a housewife, or a pensioner, happiness means a better quality of life.
A group of scientists who have examined a number of studies from across the world have suggested ten ways to achieve happiness:
1. Have a good relationship with friends and family
It seems reasonable to assume that what makes people really happy is their relationships with others. Having a wide circle of friends and family is more enjoyable than having a lot of money. In addition, people with large families and lots of close friends are
happier than people who live on their own. Sometimes you may not be in a good mood or may feel depressed. At that time, if you hang out with friends or spend time with your family, your stressful feelings will be released. It has even been suggested that a happy home life and good friends can protect against illness.
2. Love your work and enjoy what you are doing
Some people feel passionate about their work and love what they are doing. In fact, job satisfaction and career success are important factors for your happiness. For example, you tend to achieve happiness when you can accomplish the tasks you have undertaken or when you become prosperous while doing the work you enjoy.
3. Be kind and help others
Treating everyone with kindness is another key element of happiness. Acts of kindness have the potential to make the world a happier place. According to studies by psychologists in different countries, when you help other people, it is not only good for them, it also makes you feel happier. A new survey has also revealed that generous people are happier and healthier than those who are not. The idea is that generosity gives them a nice, warm feeling when people say ‘thank you’ and show appreciation.
4. Don’t be envious of other people
The biggest barrier to happiness is envy, which is a state of desiring other people’s qualities, possessions, opportunities, etc. In your school or workplace, you will find yourself around people who are doing much better than you are. In that case, if you try not to judge yourself against other people, you will certainly be happier. People who are envious of others are more likely to experience negative emotions such as inferiority, dejection and depression. The best thing you should do is try to replace envy with such positive emotions as sympathy or empathetic joy.
5. Have better physical and mental health
Good health also is vital for happiness. It is undeniable that healthy people are happier than those who are not. To achieve true happiness, you must be fit, both physically and mentally - a happy person has better physical and mental health. It is widely known
that your mind and body are closely connected. If you feel stressed out, you are likely to experience fatigue and muscle tension. Similarly, if you feel happy and calm, you are likely to have more mental energy and more physical vitality.
6. Have a feeling of contentment
Contentment is the key to happiness - people who accept what they have are happier than people who crave for more career success and money. A recent survey shows that the simplest things in life are the most important for you. You tend to be happy with simple things, like a walk in a park, a beautiful sunset and an evening with a friend. It is true that people need to have a reasonable amount of material possessions, but wanting more than what is necessary breeds greed and frustration.
7. Get rich
Most people believe that money is the best way to find happiness. Of course, a person needs money to some extent in order to live comfortably. Rich people often consider that they are happy as they can buy expensive houses, new cars, big yachts and designer clothes. However, some people think happiness does not depend on money. Nevertheless, we can see many people trying to get rich in every possible way in the hope of achieving happiness in life.
8. Have a positive attitude to life
It is often said that life is composed of positive elements and negative elements. Having a positive attitude to life is a good way of finding happiness. For example, when you encounter difficulties in your school or work, you may feel disappointed and downhearted. At such a time, you must try to adopt a positive attitude to cope with these problems. You must also learn how to live contentedly with the negative elements of life rather than attempt to live a life where nothing bad ever happens. If you respond very positively to everything that happens, you will surely find happiness.
9. Think back to sweet memories from the past
You may be in a bad mood or feel downhearted from time to time, simply because you are looking inside you, thinking about bad things. A group of psychologists have discovered that thinking back to pleasant incidents in the past can improve your mood and make you more cheerful. For example, think about something in your childhood that gives you great pleasure, look at old photos showing happy events, or recall hearing news of someone’s good fortune. These sweet memories can put you in a better mood -they can make you smile, laugh, or feel joyful.
10. Practise meditation or mindfulness
Nowadays, people may suffer from work-related stress, which leads to severe diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. To reduce stress, people practise meditation, which is also known as mindfulness. The idea is that you find a clean floor, sit still, and pay attention to what is happening to you at that very moment. You should not think about the past or the future, just the present. Meditation will ease the tension in your body, clear your mind of negative thoughts, and give you a sense of inner peace and wellbeing.
Now that you have read the 10 findings of scientists on ‘happiness’, you should see that ‘happiness’ is an inherent value within us. It is our own mind that makes us unhappy. Once you understand this and apply it, for example, by practising the concept in point four or using the principles in points two or eight, you will find there is nothing more you need for ‘happiness’. You will have built complete ‘happiness’. People often overlook what is too close to them, like the saying goes, “too close to see.” It is unfortunate that we do not develop the virtues within us and instead, search for ‘happiness’ outside until the end of our lives. So, from today onwards, I encourage you to just be happy.

Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar

THE military is often viewed primarily as a force for national defence and security. However, its contributions extend far beyond the battlefield. The military not only produces disciplined and skilled soldiers but also plays a significant role in the cultural, social, and economic development of a nation. One notable example is Kyaw Swe, a former soldier who became a celebrated actor in Myanmar. Now, let me explore the various ways in which the military contributes to the country, highlighting its role in producing good citizens and fostering talent in diverse fields. 

The military is a place where disciplined and skilled soldiers are trained. Soldiers learn to follow rules, stay focused, and complete their duties with care. The military provides tough training that builds both physical strength and mental focus. It also teaches important skills, such as teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving. At the same time, soldiers develop strong moral values and good character. They learn honesty, loyalty, and respect for others, which are important qualities for any person. These values help soldiers not only in their military duties but also in their personal lives, making them good soldiers and responsible individuals. 

Kyaw Swe is a great example of a military member who made significant contributions to the arts. Before becoming a famous actor, he served in the military, where he gained discipline, courage, and a strong sense of responsibility. These qualities played an important role in his success as an artist. Military training helps develop focus, determination, and resilience, which can enhance artistic talents. For Kyaw Swe, the discipline and leadership he learned in the army allowed him to create meaningful and powerful films that inspired many people. His life shows how military experience can help individuals succeed in the world of art and culture. Here, the readers will see his great talents. 

Kyaw Swe, a famous actor, was known for his roles in action, romance, and natural-themed films. However, he directed only one war film, “Pearl Tears”, which became a very popular movie. Because of his experience as a soldier, Kyaw Swe faced no difficulties in directing this war film. The movie became so successful that it left a remarkable mark in Myanmar’s film history. 

Although Kyaw Swe acted in many films with actress Khin Yu May, “Pearl Tears” was considered their best work together. Their performances in the movie were so perfect that their on-screen chemistry reached new heights. Kyaw Swe was a talented and outstanding actor, admired by many in the Myanmar film industry. Unfortunately, despite his skills, he never won an Academy Award. His expressions and actions spoke louder than words, showcasing deep meaning and emotion. 

Kyaw Swe was born in Bago on 10 February 1924, a Sunday. His birth name was Maung Aung Thein, and his parents affectionately called him “Mauni”. He was the third child out of five siblings. His father, U Ba Hnit, was a government officer, and his mother, Daw Ohn Sein, was a homemaker. When his family moved to Yangon, he attended ABM School in Kyimyindine Township until the second grade. He later continued his studies at St John’s School for Boys, where he passed the tenth grade in 1942. 

Early Life as a Soldier 

During the colonial period, Maung Aung Thein joined the British Royal Air Force and trained in Myitkyina. When World War II broke out, he walked from Myitkyina to Bago with a group of seven companions. Along the way, five of them died, leaving only him and one other to survive. Once he returned to Bago, he joined the Burma Independence Army (BIA) with a strong patriotic spirit. He served under Captain Bala as a sergeant major. After the BIA was reorganized into the Burma Defense Army (BDA), he continued to serve as an officer. 

During the Japanese occupation, he worked as a police officer in Moulmein (Mawlamyine) and Bago while secretly op posing the Japanese. He joined the resistance movement and fought against fascism. After the war, he planned to attend a police officer training course in Mandalay. However, his friends convinced him to pursue a career in acting instead. 

Beginning of Acting Career

Kyaw Swe struggled during his early days in the film industry. He faced many challenges in becoming a film actor. After several attempts, he met director U Tin Nwe, who introduced him to U Ba Shin of British Burma Films. U Ba Shin admired his handsome looks and confident personality. However, U Ba Shin set a unique condition: Kyaw Swe had to dive from the roof top of a three-story building to qualify as the second lead actor. Kyaw Swe agreed. 

At that time, Director U Ba Shin was filming “Saw Ya San Sha” in Mandalay with lead actor Tin Pe and actress May Myint. A One and British Burma Films had a habit of coming up with unique ways to film movies, so U Ba Shin organized a casting event by having people dive from the rooftop of a three-storey building in downtown Mandalay to generate public interest in his ongoing movie. Among the excited audience was a young man named Maung Aung Thein. When it was his turn, he bravely dived from the rooftop and landed gracefully on the ground, impressing U Ba Shin. Consequently, U Ba Shin chose him as the second lead actor and gave him the stage name “Kyaw Swe”. From that moment on, Maung Aung Thein became known as the actor Kyaw Swe. 

Success in Film 

Kyaw Swe was passionate about improving Myanmar’s film industry. In 1969, he went to Japan to study filmmaking. After returning from Japan, he wrote scripts, acted, and directed his films, establishing his own film production company, “Moe Films”. One of the notable films produced by his company was “Pearl Tears”. This film was a large-scale production focused on the Anti-Chinese Riots, co-starring with actress Khin Yu May. Kyaw Swe’s films were known for their emphasis on cinematography, resulting in visually stunning scenes that were vibrant and expressive. Throughout his career, Kyaw Swe acted with many famous actresses such as May Shin, May Myint, Mary Myint, May Thit, Myint Myint Khin, San Shar Tin, Tin Tin Mu, Hnin Hsi, Khin Lay Swe, Khin Nann Myint, and Khin Yu May. Most of his later films were produced with Khin Yu May as his co-star. 

Moreover, Kyaw Swe was a former soldier, and his military experience greatly enhanced his acting skills. Having served in the military, he brought a deep sense of realism and authenticity to his roles, which was evident in every performance. His disciplined approach and the intensity he conveyed in his characters made his portrayals stand out. He was not just playing a role; he was bringing his own life experiences into his work, which resonated deeply with audiences.

In the movie “Pearl Tears”, Kyaw Swe’s portrayal of a soldier was nothing short of remarka ble. The film, which dealt with significant themes and dramatic scenes, required a strong and believable performance, and Kyaw Swe delivered just that. His depiction of the character’s struggles and resilience was powerful and moving. Even as a child, I remember being truly captivated by his performance, which was both convincing and compelling.

Kyaw Swe’s military back ground not only made him a seasoned actor but also brought a sense of authenticity to his roles. His ability to convincingly portray a soldier in “Pearl Tears” is a testament to his talent and dedication. His performances were not just acts; they were re flections of his own experiences and understanding. This depth and realism made a lasting impression on me and undoubtedly on many others who watched his films.

In 1976, while filming “Saturday Night, 9 pm” with director Ye Baw Thet Shay, Kyaw Swe got a stroke. He passed away on 15 August 1982, at the age of 58. He appeared in 52 films throughout his career. Beyond his artistic contributions, Kyaw Swe was a patriot who fought for Myanmar’s independence. He remains a highly respected figure in both Myanmar’s film and history. 

In brief, Kyaw Swe’s life that had much experience in military service, and career serve as a remarkable example of dedication, talent, and patriotism. From his early days as a soldier to his success in the film industry, he demonstrated the values of discipline, resilience, and a deep love for his country. His contributions to both Myanmar’s independence and its cultural heritage have left a lasting impact. Kyaw Swe’s story inspires us to recognize the potential of individuals to excel in multiple fields and reminds us of the profound connection between discipline and creativity. His legacy continues to be celebrated, making him a true hero and a symbol of national pride. 

Confession: (Writing in memory of (U) Kyaw Swe is special to me because my late father bore a striking resemblance to the famous actor (U) Kyaw Swe.)

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

AS the clock passes midnight on 31 December, we offer farewell to 2024 and open our arms to embrace the New Year 2025. This transition is more than just a change in the calendar; it is a moment of reflection, hope, and celebration. The New Year offers us a clean slate, a chance to realign our goals, rekindle our dreams, and move forward with renewed determination.

Welcoming a new year is a universal tradition, celebrated in countless ways across the globe. From amazing fireworks displays to intimate family gatherings, the world unites in joy, gratitude, and optimism. The arrival of 2025 serves as a reminder that time is both precious and fleeting, urging us to cherish every moment and make the most of what lies ahead.

The New Year is also a time to reflect on the past. It allows us to pause and review the successes and challenges of the previous year. Every achievement, no matter how small, is evidence of our resilience and effort. Meanwhile, setbacks provide lessons that guide us toward better decisions and greater strength. In this spirit of contemplation, we enter 2025 not only with hope but also with wisdom gained from our experiences.

What makes 2025 particularly special is the promise of new beginnings. It is a chance to set fresh goals and aspirations, whether they involve personal growth, professional advancement, or nurturing relationships. As we write our resolutions and envision the year ahead, we are filled with a sense of purpose and determination. The start of a new year inspires us to dream big, step out of our comfort zones, and pursue the changes we have long desired.

Furthermore, the New Year brings with it the joy of connection. Families, friends, and communities come together to celebrate the occasion, sharing laughter, love, and goodwill. This sense of unity and togetherness is at the heart of the New Year’s spirit, reminding us that we are never alone in our journey. The words we strengthen during this time give us the courage and motivation to face the challenges of the year ahead.

As we warmly welcome 2025, let us do so with gratitude for the opportunities it brings. Let us focus on spreading kindness, fostering positivity, and making meaningful contributions to our world. Together, we can make this year a remarkable one, filled with moments of joy, progress, and fulfilment.

Bright and Beautiful 2025! May it be a year of good opportunities and lasting happiness for all.

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar