We already understand that the world’s superpowers are adept at managing the shifting global order and international systems. However, as residents of medium-sized countries with limited interest in politics and political systems, we often overlook the significant influence and control that powerful nations have on the world.
Nevertheless, since the strategic decisions of these superpowers can profoundly affect medium countries, it is essential for us to constantly monitor the evolving world order and adopt strategies that allow us to adapt to it.
In this regard, Myanmar has taken steps to prepare for the emerging trends in the dynamic world order. Myanmar recently hosted the “Forum on Myanmar Beyond 2025: Challenges and Opportunities in a Multipolar World,” inviting international experts in geoeconomics and geopolitics, officials from political parties, and both local and foreign specialists.
According to Russian philosopher Alexander Dugin, who contributed a video discussion to the forum, multipolarity is not merely a continuation of the unipolar or bipolar systems. It is a new world order that involves multiple poles of power, surpassing the simplicity of the previous structures. Unlike the previous systems, multipolarity is not defined by rivalry among nation-states but by competition between civilization-states. Therefore, multipolarity arises from rivalries between rich civilization-states. These states, which extend beyond national boundaries, hold significant power. In the modern world, there are roughly four major civilization-states: the global West, China, Russia, and India. Among them, the three are technically countries, their rich cultures, rituals, identities and unique characteristics position them as more than just nation-states.
Thus, we are witnessing the emergence of a multipolar world, and the globalist agenda of a unipolar world is becoming a thing of the past. This shift provides an opportunity for all regions to regain and consolidate their sovereignty. Myanmar needs to seize this opportunity and act swiftly to strengthen its autonomy. With rising global dynamics, this is a critical moment for Myanmar to assert its position on the world stage and shape its future free from external pressures. By embracing this transition, Myanmar could create a more balanced and resilient political and economic environment.
The Chairman of the State Administration Council (SAC), Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, emphasized Myanmar’s geographical importance during his speech at the forum, noting that “Our country is a long country stretching from north to south. In addition to abundant freshwater rivers, the country has a diverse climate, forests, and a variety of natural resources, including fruit trees. These are our country's opportunities and advantages. Our country has a coastline of over 1,300 miles, and deep-sea ports and economic zones are operating. Our country is located in a geographically central location for maritime trade.”
Myanmar must leverage its unique characteristics and cultural identity to balance the interests of neighbouring powers, given its position between two powerful countries. As the SAC Chairman pointed out at the forum, “Our country is surrounded by five neighbouring countries and is located between the most populous nations, China and India. It sits on the communication route between South Asia and Southeast Asia, making it a pivot area. The combined population of Myanmar’s neighbouring countries is nearly four billion, or about 50 percent of the world’s population. This presents a strong market for products produced by Myanmar.”
Among neighbouring countries, China recognizes Myanmar's geopolitical significance as a bridge to the Indian Ocean. The Kyaukphyu port, in particular, is of strategic interest to China. Furthermore, China aims to control the Myanmar corridor to benefit its landlocked western provinces and reduce its dependency on the narrow Malacca Strait for sea trade with the West, as well as for fuel imports from the Middle East. Additionally, Myanmar presents a growing market for Chinese commodities and has the potential to be a key source of timber and gems.
Myanmar also plays a vital role in India’s “Act East” and “Neighborhood First” policies. The Indian Army has long relied on the policy of “constructive engagement” to conduct joint military operations with Myanmar, primarily aimed at combating extremism in the North-East. This cooperation helps the Tatmadaw contain Myanmar's ethnic insurgencies. Moreover, the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport project, a cornerstone of India’s Act East Policy, aims to provide an alternate outlet for the Indian landlocked northeast.
Although Russia is not a direct neighbour, its longstanding friendship with Myanmar has led to significant economic and strategic investments, such as the Dawei deep-sea port project, which is set to resume with Russian investment. Furthermore, whenever Myanmar encounters any difficulties, it has always provided assistance, and in the video message sent to this forum by Alexander Dugin, Russia has also pledged its readiness to provide assistance.
To recap, Myanmar's strategic location, positioned between these three potential multipolar powers, is an opportunity in the dynamic world order. Myanmar finds itself at a crucial juncture in the evolving global order. However, this potential must be carefully navigated.
That said, Myanmar faces significant internal challenges. Since its independence, the country has grappled with persistent internal conflicts that remain unresolved to this day. These conflicts hinder Myanmar’s development and its ability to fully capitalize on the opportunities presented by the changing global order. Without resolving these issues, Myanmar may struggle to chart its own path in the emerging multipolar world. Only through careful navigation of both internal and external dynamics can Myanmar hope to capitalize on the emerging world order and secure a prosperous and resilient future.
WHEN we interact with others, the way we speak holds more power than we often realize. Words, of course, matter, but beyond the actual words we choose, our tone of voice shapes the way those words are received. A single sentence can carry completely different meanings depending on how it is spoken. A gentle, understanding tone can turn even the most difficult conversations into moments of connection, while a harsh or indifferent tone can create walls that may never come down.
Think of a time when someone spoke in a way that made us feel small, unimportant, or misunderstood. Maybe they didn’t mean to hurt us, but their tone carried impatience, frustration, or dismissiveness. That moment may have stayed with us longer than we expected. Even if the words themselves were harmless, the way they were said left an imprint, a bruise that took time to fade. On the other hand, think of a time when someone spoke with kindness, understanding, and warmth. That moment likely stood out too, giving us comfort and reassurance. Their words didn’t just communicate information; they made us feel seen, heard, and valued.
Human emotions are complex, and everyone carries an invisible weight within them. Some carry stress from work, others are struggling with personal hardships, and many are simply trying to get through the day without feeling overwhelmed. In the midst of all this, our tone of voice can either add to their burden or lighten it. It can be the difference between making someone’s day harder or giving them a moment of relief.
Imagine a simple conversation between two coworkers. One asks for help, and the other responds, “What do you need?” spoken in a soft, helpful tone. The same words spoken with impatience or irritation – “What do you need?” – can make the person hesitate, feel like a bother, or even regret asking in the first place. The difference is subtle yet profound. Tone has the ability to encourage or discourage, to make people feel safe or insecure, to build trust or to break it.
This is why being mindful of how we speak is so important. A conversation isn’t just about transferring information; it’s about human connection. Every interaction carries an emotional weight, whether we intend it to or not. We might forget the exact words someone said, but we rarely forget how they made us feel. That feeling lingers in our minds, shaping our thoughts about them and even about ourselves.
Parents often experience this with their children. A tired, frustrated parent might snap at their child, not meaning to be unkind but simply feeling overwhelmed in the moment. The child, however, doesn’t just hear the words – they hear the disappointment, the impatience, and the sharp edge in the voice of someone they look up to. That one moment might fade for the parent, but for the child, it may be remembered as a moment when they felt unloved or unimportant. On the other hand, when a parent speaks with patience and warmth, even in times of discipline, the child feels secure and loved. They understand that mistakes don’t define them and that their worth isn’t shaken by a bad moment.
The same applies to friendships and romantic relationships. Arguments and disagreements are a natural part of any close relationship, but how we express frustration can determine whether we deepen our bond or damage it. A simple “I’m upset” said in a calm, controlled tone invites discussion and understanding. “I’m upset!” yelled in anger shuts down communication and may leave the other person feeling defensive or hurt. Words spoken in anger can be forgiven, but their emotional impact often lingers far longer than we anticipate.
Workplaces, too, are filled with examples of how tone of voice affects interactions. A manager giving feedback can either inspire or discourage an employee, depending on how they deliver their message. “This needs improvement” can feel constructive when
spoken in a neutral, supportive tone. But with a sharp, dismissive tone, the same phrase can feel like criticism that stings, making the employee question their abilities. In professional settings, where morale and teamwork are crucial, tone plays a significant role in shaping a positive or toxic work environment.
Even in everyday encounters with strangers, our tone of voice can have an impact. A cashier at the grocery store, a barista at a coffee shop, or a fellow passenger on public transport – these brief interactions may seem insignificant, but they can leave lasting impressions. A warm “thank you” can make someone’s workday feel a little lighter. A rushed, indifferent response can make them feel invisible like they’re just another task to complete. Small moments add up, and though we may never know the full extent of how our tone affects others, it’s always worth choosing kindness.
It’s easy to forget about tone in the rush of daily life. Stress, fatigue, and frustration can make it harder to be mindful of how we sound. But awareness is the first step. Taking a moment to pause before speaking, adjusting our tone to match our intention, and making a conscious effort to communicate with kindness can transform the way we connect with others.
There’s an undeniable truth in the idea that people may not remember what we said, but they will remember how we made them feel. This is a reminder to approach conversations with empathy, to soften our words when needed, and to use our tone as a tool for connection rather than division. The world is filled with enough harshness, enough impatience. Choosing to speak with warmth and understanding is a small act, but its impact can be profound.
So the next time we speak, we must consider not just what we say, but how we say it. A thoughtful tone can turn a simple interaction into a moment of reassurance, a conversation into a connection, and a difficult moment into an opportunity for kindness. Our voices have power – let’s use them to uplift, comfort, and remind others that they matter.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
Twenty-Seven Es for disease prevention and control activities are a set of essential strategies that focus on various aspects of public health interventions aimed at preventing and controlling diseases. While there may be variations in the lists of these 27 Es, they generally revolve around elements like education, environment, and engagement in health practices.
The 27 Es for disease prevention and control activities expand on the principles involved in managing public health issues. These ideologies cover a wide range of strategies, from education to environmental control. The following is an expanded list that reflects key actions for effective disease prevention and control:
1. Education – Raise awareness and educate communities about healthy practices and disease prevention.
2. Early Detection – Detect diseases early through screenings and monitoring to prevent further spread.
3. Environmental Health – Improve environmental conditions (clean water, sanitation) to reduce disease risk.
4. Empowerment – Empower individuals and communities with the tools and knowledge needed for self-care.
5. Epidemiology – Collect and analyze data on the spread and causes of diseases to guide prevention efforts.
6. Engagement – Engage communities in disease control measures through participation and collaboration.
7. Equity – Ensure equal access to health services, information, and resources for all groups.
8. Evidence-Based Practices – Use scientific research and data to develop effective disease prevention strategies.
9. Enforcement – Enforce laws and policies that protect public health (e.g., vaccination requirements).
10. Emergency Response – Prepare for and respond quickly to outbreaks, natural disasters, or health emergencies.
11. Evaluation – Continuously assess and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention programs and interventions.
12. Efficacy – Ensure that disease control measures are proven to be effective in reducing health risks.
13. Ecosystem Protection – Preserve and protect ecosystems, which contribute to overall human health.
14. Economic Support – Provide financial resources for public health initiatives to control and prevent disease.
15. Examination – Regular medical examinations to detect diseases early and prevent complications.
16. Aetiology – Study the causes and origins of diseases to better prevent and treat them.
17. Exclusion – Prevent the movement of infected individuals or contaminated goods to limit disease spread.
18. Ethical Practices – Maintain ethical standards in health interventions, respecting human rights and dignity.
19. Extrapolation – Apply lessons learned from one community or disease to other situations or regions.
20. Experience Sharing – Share successful disease control strategies and lessons learned from previous outbreaks.
21. Elimination – Work towards the complete obliteration of diseases in certain areas.
22. Enhancement – Enhance health systems with better resources, training, and infrastructure for disease control.
23. Evaluation of Interventions – Continuously monitor and adjust disease prevention strategies to ensure their effectiveness.
24. Emergency Preparedness – Develop and implement plans to address and mitigate public health emergencies.
25. Epidemic Control – Use effective strategies to contain and control epidemics quickly, minimizing damage.
26. Eradication – Actively works to completely abolish certain diseases from the population (e.g., smallpox).
27. Evaluation of Outcomes – Measure and assess the long-term impacts of disease control efforts on public health.
In addition, these 27 Es cover an inclusive, multi-layered approach to public health, with an emphasis on preparedness, scientific evaluation, community engagement, and ethical standards.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
In a significant diplomatic and technological milestone, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Chairman of the State Administration Council and Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services , embarked on a high-profile visit to Russia. This visit, which took place on 2 September 2024, as noted in the official records, marks a pivotal moment in the strengthening of bilateral ties between the two nations. The primary focus of this collaboration is the peaceful advancement of space technology, a field that holds immense potential for Myanmar’s development. Here, let us explore the details of this partnership, the discussions held, the technological exchanges planned, and the profound benefits that Myanmar stands to gain from this alliance, all while emphasizing the commitment to peaceful applications of space exploration.
The Context of the Visit
The meeting between Senior General Min Aung Hlaing and high-ranking Russian officials, including the Senior General of the Russian Federation and the Deputy Prime Minister, underscored a mutual interest in fostering cooperation beyond traditional diplomatic channels. Held under the auspices of the State Administration Council Chairman Prime Minister Senior General’s Office, the discussions centred on leveraging Russia’s advanced space technology expertise to support Myanmar’s aspirations. The presence of key figures such as the Deputy Prime Minister and other senior officials from both nations highlighted the strategic importance of this partnership. The talks were not merely ceremonial; they were a concrete step toward integrating Myanmar into the global space technology ecosystem, with a clear emphasis on peaceful purposes.
The image accompanying the article depicts a formal meeting, with Senior General Min Aung Hlaing seated alongside Russian counterparts in a conference room, surrounded by an array of officials. This visual representation symbolizes the seriousness with which both nations are approaching this collaboration. Additionally, the second image showcases a rocket assembly process, hinting at the technological exchange that is at the heart of this partnership. These visuals serve as a testament to the tangible progress being made and the ambitious goals set forth during the discussions.
The Foundation of the Partnership
Russia has long been a global leader in space exploration, with a legacy that includes the launch of the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin, and the development of the Soyuz spacecraft. The country’s space agency, Roscosmos, has been instrumental in advancing satellite technology, rocket manufacturing, and interplanetary missions. For Myanmar, a nation with a burgeoning interest in modern technology but limited infrastructure in this domain, this partnership offers a unique opportunity to leapfrog into the 21st-century space age.
The discussions during Senior General Min Aung Hlaing’s visit focused on several key areas. First, there was an emphasis on the establishment of satellite technology, which could revolutionize communication, weather forecasting, and disaster management in Myanmar. Second, the collaboration extends to rocket manufacturing and space launch capabilities, with plans to potentially establish a joint factory or research facility. Third, the exchange of expertise between Russian and Myanmar scientists was a critical component, aimed at building local capacity over time. This multifaceted approach reflects a long-term vision for Myanmar’s integration into the global
space community.
Peaceful Advancement of Space Technology
A cornerstone of this collaboration is the commitment to using space technology for peaceful purposes. The State Administration Council Chairman Prime Minister Senior General’s Office has explicitly outlined that the partnership with Russia will focus on “peaceful utilization of space technology”. This stance aligns with international norms and treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which mandates that space exploration be conducted for the benefit of all countries and prohibits the placement of weapons of mass destruction in orbit.
For Myanmar, the peaceful application of space technology translates into tangible benefits across multiple sectors. Satellite technology, for instance, can enhance communication networks in remote regions, where traditional infrastructure is lacking. Weather satellites can provide early warnings for natural disasters such as cyclones and floods, which are frequent challenges in Myanmar due to its geographical location. Moreover, space-based data can support agricultural planning, enabling farmers to optimize planting and harvesting schedules based on precise meteorological information.
The rocket assembly process depicted in the image is a symbol of this peaceful intent. Rather than being geared toward military applications, the technology transfer is intended to support scientific research, education, and industrial development. This aligns with the broader goal of fostering regional economic integration, as Myanmar seeks to position itself as a key player in Southeast Asia’s technological landscape.
Benefits for Myanmar
The potential benefits of this collaboration for Myanmar are vast and multifaceted, touching upon economic, educational, and social dimensions.
Economic Growth and Industrial Development
One of the most immediate advantages is the boost to Myanmar’s industrial sector. The establishment of a joint rocket factory or space technology facility, as hinted at in the discussions, could create thousands of jobs. This would not only reduce unemployment but also stimulate related industries such as metallurgy, electronics, and engineering. The production of fertilizers, a critical need for Myanmar’s agrarian economy, could also be enhanced through space-derived technologies, such as precision agriculture guided by satellite imagery.
Furthermore, the export of space technology components or services could open new revenue streams for Myanmar. By partnering with Russia, a nation with a robust space industry, Myanmar could eventually contribute to the global supply chain, elevating its economic status on the international stage.
Educational Advancement
Education is another area poised for transformation. The exchange of scientists and engineers between Russia and Myanmar will facilitate knowledge transfer, enabling the training of a new generation of space professionals. Universities in Myanmar could introduce space science curricula, fostering innovation and research. This educational upliftment is crucial for a country that has historically faced challenges in building a skilled workforce in high-tech fields. The image of the rocket assembly also serves as an inspirational tool. It can motivate young Myanmar students to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), thereby laying the foundation for a knowledge-based economy.
Regional and Global Integration
On a broader scale, this partnership enhances Myanmar’s role in regional and international affairs. By collaborating with Russia, Myanmar gains access to a network of space-faring nations, potentially including China and India, which are also active in the region’s space race. This integration could lead to joint missions, shared satellite networks, and cooperative disaster response systems, strengthening Myanmar’s position in Southeast Asia.
The visit’s emphasis on regional economic integration, as noted in the document, suggests that Myanmar aims to use space technology as a tool for diplomacy and development. For instance, satellite data could be shared with neighbouring countries to address transboundary issues such as climate change and resource management.
Challenges and Considerations
While the prospects are promising, this collaboration is not without challenges. Myanmar’s current technological infrastructure is limited, and significant investment will be required to build the necessary facilities and train personnel. Additionally, the political context of Myanmar, including international sanctions and internal conflicts, could complicate the implementation of such ambitious projects. However, the focus on peaceful applications may help mitigate some of these concerns, as it aligns with global efforts to promote sustainable development.
Another consideration is the need for transparency and accountability. As Myanmar embarks on this journey, it must ensure that the benefits of space technology are equitably distributed across its population, particularly in rural and underserved areas. The government will need to work closely with international partners and civil society to achieve this goal.
The Road Ahead
The visit by Senior General Min Aung Hlaing to Russia is just the beginning of what promises to be a transformative partnership. The establishment of the State Space Corporation “Roscosmos” office in Myanmar, as mentioned in the document, is a concrete step toward operationalizing this collaboration. Plans include the assembly of satellites and the development of a launch site, potentially near the Tanintharyi Region, which offers strategic geographical advantages.
The peaceful advancement of space technology also opens the door to cultural exchanges. Joint missions could involve Myanmar astronauts training in Russia, fostering a sense of pride and unity among the populace. Additionally, the collaboration could inspire artistic and educational initiatives, such as planetariums or space museums, to engage the public.
The partnership between Myanmar and Russia in the peaceful advancement of space technology represents a bold vision for the future. Under the leadership of Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Myanmar is poised to harness Russia’s expertise to address its developmental challenges while contributing to global scientific progress. From enhancing communication and disaster preparedness to boosting economic growth and education, the benefits are far-reaching. As this collaboration unfolds, it will be essential to maintain a focus on peace, equity, and sustainability, ensuring that the skies above Myanmar become a symbol of hope and progress for generations to come.
This alliance is not just about rockets and satellites; it is about building a bridge between nations, fostering innovation, and uplifting society. With a commitment to peaceful utilization and a strategic roadmap, Myanmar and Russia are setting the stage for a new era of technological collaboration that could redefine the region’s future.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
A discussion is a situation in which students or students and a teacher converse to share information, ideas, opinions, or work to resolve a problem. But it is not a situation in which a teacher asks a question, a student or students answer it, and then the teacher asks another question. This question-answer-question format is called recitation, and its main purpose is to quiz students to determine what they know or understand.
However, a discussion can serve several purposes. One purpose is to review and extend what students have learnt to ensure their mastery of a subject. First, students see, hear or read something. Then, they discuss what they have seen and heard. Among other things, they pay attention to terms and concepts that need explanation, the major ideas presented, and the main message. The next purpose is to have students examine their ideas or opinions. After studying something, students could be asked to share their views about its appropriateness. The third purpose is to solve a problem. Herein, students are presented with political, economic or social problems to discuss and resolve. Sometimes the last purpose is to improve students’ face-to-face or interpersonal communication skills so they become better at being good contributors and active listeners, making a point, handling disagreements and conflicts, overcoming fear of speaking in public and so forth.
Discussions can be considered based on such attributes and characteristics as the interaction pattern, the teacher’s role, group size and composition, and group arrangement. Interaction during discussion is less formal as well as more conversational. Besides, the conversation can occur not only among students but also between students and teachers. In most likely discussions, everyone should be an active participant. The whole class can engage in a common discussion or it can be divided into small groups that are preferable since these allow more potential for student participation. The composition of a group will also be similar (homogenous) or dissimilar (heterogenous). Participants should be face-to-face. Thus, arranging discussion participants in a circle is most common. On occasions, a panel discussion makes sense. If the interaction is strictly among students, the teacher will have to serve as an observer, recorder and perhaps arbitrator. As a facilitator and moderator, the teacher is to enable students to reflect critically on their experiences, explore different perspectives and consider how knowledge is then rooted in personal experiences, according to circumstances like the purpose of discussion, the maturity and experience of the students.
Good discussion leaders believe that students want and need to get involved with purposeful talk; they should be asked to review and use information, explore issues and resolve problems; they are capable of thinking and doing for themselves; and they can be helped to develop via discussion. The leaders can control their talk, get students thinking, serve as skilful facilitators, human relation experts, clarifiers or summarizers and excel at teaching communication skills.
When being prepared, good discussions establish the general purpose, set specific learner objectives, consider the readiness of the class and individuals for discussion, decide what role the leader will play, the class grouping, physical arrangements, time allowance and plan the discussion. When being overseen, good discussions get students’ attention, ensure that participants understand and see the value in the purpose or goal, relate the goal and task to previous knowledge and future work, set out the specific questions or statements to be discussed, remind participants of discussion rules, monitor to ensure on-task behaviour, balanced participation and understanding, encourage participants and elevate the level of course. When being closed, the good discussions do so at the most appropriate time rather than at a specific time, summarize progress towards the goal(s), tie new learning to previous knowledge and establish what participants might next want to know or be able to do.
As discussion guidelines for students, all students should have an equal opportunity to contribute. They encourage their classmates to join in. They ensure that everyone contributes by waiting his or her turn and taking part about as much as everyone else. They listen carefully to what others say and feel. Also, they work to understand and whenever possible, to support others’ saying and feeling. They like to understand that their knowledge and ideas may not always be right. They stay on target and help others do the same. Finally, they must be gracious and have to avoid attacking or belittling their peers.
Discussions are probably attractive to teachers who have personal needs for construction, play, affiliation and student success or to those who may want to avoid giving a presentation for the reason that they do not know the subject well enough. The discussions are advantageous for students who have strong needs for acquisition, affiliation, deference, dominance, exhibition, exposition, play, recognition, sibilance and succorance. They tend to capture and maintain students’ interest, help them develop communication and social-psychological strengths or help them learn through rehearsal. But when they are not well conducted, discussions can be purposeless, rambling, confrontational, wasteful of time, inefficient and unpleasant.
So, when on earth should the discussion method be used? Discussion is used when any of its purposes coincide with the goal. Consequently, students are engaged in the discussion when the goal is to review information, examine ideas or opinions, solve problems and improve oral communication skills. When the teacher is more interested in long-term memory, higher-order thinking, motivation, attitude change or moral reasoning, discussion can be used, to best meet students’ social and psychological needs. After all, discussion is given to be effective when students have been mostly inactive listeners, when a more relaxed atmosphere is warranted and when it would be beneficial to enhance student-to-student friendships or affiliation.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
Inya Lake is located adjacent to Yangon University in Kamayut township, six miles (10 kilometres) north of downtown Yangon. It acquired a reputation for its vast stretch of water studded with pleasant, wooded islets. Due to its breathtaking beauty and serenity, it turns out to be not only a haunt of holiday-makers but also a tryst for lovers.
This lake is named “အင်းယား’’ after its elongated shape. It was called “Victoria Lake” after Queen Victoria when Myanmar fell under British rule. It was, at that time, also known by the name of “Kokkhine Lake”’, for it lay close to Kokkhine Village. In ancient times, the Mons who lived near the lake called it ‘Kamayut’ meaning ‘Lake of Jewels’ because it served as an inexhaustible food resource for the Mon villages in its neighbourhood.
The history of Inya Lake dates back to before the Christian era. In those ancient days, Lower Myanmar was covered by shallow water with small laterite islets scattered above water, some of which were small fishing villages. By the second century BC, a severe earth-quake hit Lower Myanmar and the water covering it receded, leaving behind some geomorphological features such as the Hlaing River, Yangon River, Ngamoeyeik Creek and other rivulets, creeks and lakes on newly-formed alluvial plains. Inya Lake is said to be one of the remaining lakes from that time. It is said that, at that time, this lake was an elongated depression 50 feet below the sea level, surrounded by low laterite ridges. It was then a natural lake connected with the Hlaing River by a creek. So it was affected by the tide. However, the British built Pyay Road by damming this lake with embankments. Since then, it turned into a land-locked lake with a bund of 0.5 mile on the western side and a bund of 1.2 miles on the eastern side. In 1878, Kandawgyi (Royal Lake) could no longer supply adequate water to Pazundaung and other downtown areas of Yangon. So the British government turned Inya Lake into a reservoir to supply enough water to the bigger Yangon. (Later, as the population of Yangon grew, Hlawga Lake and Gyobyu Lake had to be used to supply more water.)
In the early colonial period, Inya Lake lay near Kamaryut village which was well outside Yangon City. Yangon University was built only in 1920. In those days, for its remoteness from the downtown area, the thickly wooded Inya Lake was rumoured to be a haunt of tigers and man-eating water ogres or a den of dacoits. Therefore, some chicken-hearted students avoided visiting it even during the daytime. A few brave students, however, used to go there for a swim on some evenings. It is known that a student from Yangon University drowned to death in this lake in 1926. So, from then on, the university students were forbidden from swimming in it.
In 1923, the Yangon University Boat Club was formed and its office was situated on a piece of land jutting out into the lake on the southern bund of Inya Lake. It was chaired by a British advocate Mr Edgar, who later became a law professor, at Yangon University. He was an executive member of the Cambridge and Oxford University Boat Clubs while living in England. From the time of the founding of this club, boat races were held in the lake every year. The days of the boat races were happy occasions for Yangon University students. Thus, Inya Lake was more frequently visited by them.
During the colonial period, some wooded islets in this lake were a haven for some British pensioners and wealthy Chinese men who wanted to live peacefully in their old age. It is said that in 1930, Maurice Collice, a world-famous Irish writer, paid a short visit to the house of a retired Irish military officer who lived on a small island, from which the Shwedagon pagoda some distance to the south was visible and that, during his stay there, he visited GH Luce living near the southern bund of the lake, who was then serving as History Professor of Yangon University.
During the post-independence period, Yangon was extended in the northerly direction. Inya Lake was, therefore, encircled by populated areas. Some prominent historical buildings are found scattered around the shores of the lake. The Convocation Hall, the earliest building of Yangon University, was constructed in 1922, Inya Hostel the earliest lady hostel of the university built in 1931, Yadana Hostel was built in 1954 and the Yangon University of Economics was built in 1958 founded on the Inya road skirting round Yangon University near the southern bank of the lake. Besides, the Inya Veluwun monastery and the Inya Kanpya monastery built around 1900 are still standing on the southern bank of the lake. Inya Lake Hotel, once the most famous hotels in Yangon built in 1958, is located near the northern bund of the lake.
During the time of the State Peace and Development Council, Sedona Hotel and Mya Kyun Thar (pleasant emerald-green island) Recreational Park were constructed on the eastern bund. During the time of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, the International Business Centre was built on the western bund and the Marina Hotel on the eastern bund. During the time of the Union Government, Lotte Hotels on the western bund and Myanmar Plaza near the eastern bund were constructed. Moreover, Kanthar Yar Private Hospital was also built next to the International Business Centre.
Today, the ‘Seinn Lann So Pyay’ Garden stands on the southern bund. Inya Park, ‘’Min Lan’’ Rakhine Traditional Rice Vermicelli stall, and other food stalls, restaurants, Centre for Research and Innovation, Zu Zu’s Eain Coral Inya Bar, Gold Inya Cafe and restaurant, Khemarathta Shan Traditional Food Centre, etc are situated along the southern bund.
To conclude, there are supermarkets, shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, parks etc. around the Inya Lake. It has a large expanse of water, with a lot of trees growing thickly around it. It can regulate the weather patterns of its neighbouring areas. Thus, it has become a haunt of thousands of visitors in Yangon. Especially on the holidays, it is packed with holiday-makers and picnickers on the eastern bund and western bund. It is thus suggested by the author that Inya Lake should be kept in pristine purity.
There is a very important point to have peace and stability to build a modern and developed disciplined democratic Nation Myanmar is home to various national races and as they have been living together since time immemorial deep-rooted unity and amity have developed among them.
Palaeolithic and neolithic culture flourished in many parts of Myanmar from about 20000 years ago learning behind much material evidence as well as the wall painting of “Pyadalin” Cave in Shan Foothills near “Myittha”. A Bronze culture later developed, well represented by the “Nyannggan” archaeological site near “Monywa”, and “Sagaing” Division.
The transition to an urban civilization was made in the 2nd century BC. Several cities flourished, among them Wethali (Vaisali) of the Rakhine, Thuwunnabhumi: (Suvannabhumi:), “Land of Gold” of the Mon, and Beikthano (Vishnu City), Hanlin and Thayekkittaya (Sriksetra, “Field of Splendour”) of the “Pyus”, a people whose language has become extinct but whose architectural monuments — the “Bawbawgyi Phayagyi” and “Phayama Pagoda” of Thayekhittaya-remain.
Myanmar civilization achieved a high level of development at Bagan from the middle of the 4th century to the end of the 15th century. According to the chronicles, Bagan was founded in AD 107 by the Thamddarit and ruled by a line of 55 kings, but written aridness is available only from “Anawrahta” (1044-1077) onwards “Anawrahta”, the first unifier of Myanmar, established Theravada Buddhism with the help of Buddhist Missionary “Shin Arahan” and laid the foundation of Bagan’s greatness. A thriving economy and the inspiration of Buddhism resulted in the great monument of Shwezigon, Ananda, Thatbyinnyu, Gadawpalin and a host of other pagodas, several of them decorated with mural paintings on religious themes. The decline of Bagan, brought about by a Mingon invasion in 1287, was followed by political confusion and the emergence of two kingdoms Inwa, Founded by “Thadominbya” in 1365, and Hanthawady (Bago) founded by Banya U in 1369 Nineteen kings ruled in Inwa from 1365 to 1552 and 11 kings in Hanthawady from 1369 to 1538, from 1368 to 1422, there was war between Inwa and Hanthawady.
Myanmar entered a new phase of greatness when the kings of Taungoo moved their capital from Toungoo moved their capital from “Toungoo” to “Bago” and three of its kings ruled there from 1538 to 1599.
“Bayintnaung” (1552-1581), known also as lord of the White Elephants and Conqueror of the Ten Directions, reunited the kingdom, created the vast Hanthawady Empire and rebuilt “Bago” on a magnificent scale.
Following the Break-up of the Hanthawady Empire. Nyaungyan (1598-1606) established a new Myanmar Kingdom and ten kings reigned in Inwa from 1598 to 1752. The most famous of the Inwa kings, “Thalun” (1629-1648) built the “Kaunghmudaw” Pagoda near “Sagaing”. A rebellion which started in Bago led to the downfall of the kingdom in 1752.
In the tradition of “Anawrahta” and “Bayintnaung”, “Alaungpaya” (1752-1760) reunited Myanmar and established the last Myanmar dynasty of 11 kings who ruled from 1752 to 1885. The kingdom had a number of capitals, including “Shwebo”, “Inwa” and “Amarapura”, with the last capital, Mandalay, being founded by “Mindon” (1852-1878) in 1859.
In 1785, the Rakhine kingdom whose capital was “MyaukU”, founded by “Minsawmun” (1430-1433) in 1430, and which had a line of 49 kings reigning from 1430 to 1785, was made part of the Konbaung kingdom.
Myanmar fought three wars against the British and lost Rakhine and “Taninthayi” in 1826, lower Myanmar in 1852 and its independence on 1st January 1886. The colonialist British started to rule parts of Myanmar in 1826 and the whole country in 1886.
Since our gaining independence, the entire people of Myanmar faced frequently the danger and terrorism, of insurgents and some ethnic armed organizations. In my childhood “Sitkwin” was my native town destroyed by the ethnic armed organization which was named KNDO.
Until nowadays, some ethnic armed organizations and PDF terrorists undermine the peace and stability of the regions with terror attacks on town life and the property of innocent people.
As a result, acts of violence have increased nationwide leading to the loss of lives home, and possessions and extensive damage to a large number of public infrastructures.
As an example, the university building in “Loikaw” was destroyed in attacks by KNPP and PDF terrorists on “Loikaw” last year. So, the university was closed. A total of 114 buildings were damaged at their university. It needs to spend some K9 billion on repairing these buildings. Such a cost can be used in building many projects of agriculture, livestock and regional development tasks.
Currently, destructive acts togethering with national stability are becoming more common. Terrorist attacks were often politically motivated and different forms of crime were prevalent in various regions. These acts include violence that harms civilians, damages public infrastructure and threatens private buildings, residential areas, and villages with heavy weapons and bombs. They have also targeted non-military entities, such as cargo trucks, passenger vehicles and residential buildings all of which harm innocent civilians.
Terrorists have been repeatedly targeting villages that do not support them, using tactics such as dropping bombs launching surprise attacks and planting landmines. These acts have led to frequent casualties among innocent civilians and Buddhist monks. The brutal actions of terrorist groups have caused widespread fear among residents, prompting security forces to intensify protective measures in the affected areas.
A society free from coercion, threats, and criminal activities allows people to enjoy the benefits of peace which in turn fosters national progress.
The government is working toward ensuring long-term stability by adhering to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) and striving to end armed conflict across the country. Efforts are focused on maintaining peace and the rule of law with local militia groups playing a rob in protecting regions where the rule of law is not fully enforced.
Some ethnic armed organizations, with misguided attitudes towards the state and its people, also took advantage of the ensuing stability to launch terror attacks and destroy peaceful regions. As a result of these events, innocent civilians lost their lives, homes and belongings as well as public infrastructure in the area.
In our country over 100 ethnic groups have lived in friendship and harmony since time immemorial. All the national people have found unity in diversity having been born and living on the same land. The geographical features of our country include high mountain ranges and major rivers. That flow from the north to the south made transport difficult and impeded interactions among the national people. Moreover, under colonialism, they were subject to many years of systematic divide-and-rule practice. The national people became suspicious of one another promoting our leader to make strenuous efforts during the struggle for our independence so that the central Myanmar and the mountainous regions could gain independence together.
The noble Buddha said that “Samagganan Tutpaw Thukhaw” (သမဂ္ဂါနံ တပေါ သုခေါ — ပေါင်းစည်းညီညွတ်စည်းလုံးခြင်းသည် ကြီးပွားချမ်းသာတိုးတက်ခြင်း၏ အကြောင်းရင်း ဖြစ်၏။) likewise, “Unity is Strength” is a Myanmar Proverb.
A society without unity is probably occupied and destroyed by external and internal enemies. It is very important for every important nation regardless of the place they live to have a strong Union Spirit. Only the Union Spirit is the true patriotism all the nationalities will have to safeguard. Our Three Main National Causes: Namely, the Non-disintegration of the Union, the Non-disintegration of National Solidarity and the Perpetuation of Sovereignty are bound duties of the people. Today neocolonialists usually interfere with their multi-dimensional warfare with sovereign states.
Our national people have the right to settle anywhere in the country with the result that in every area magnanimous national people have harmoniously to live. In this day and age, it is impossible to separate each national people and the very thoughts and notions that give rise to such regional bias have become anachronistic. This is a sign of progress for greater national reconsolidation. I would like to reconsolidation. I would like to urge you to build on the national reconsolidation that might lead to the disintegration of the Union.
Today the State Administration Council (SAC) is implementing two political visions – to strengthen the genuine disciplined multiparty democratic system and to build a Union based on disciplined democracy and Federalism. The stability and peace of our nation along with the rule of law are crucial for the country’s development and nation-building. Therefore, I deeply and respectfully urge the entire people including all ethnic people including all ethnic peoples to work together with the government to achieve a ceasefire in armed conflicts. I indeed believe that we surely get the fruits of peace and stability when internal armed conflicts end based on the Spirit of Union and Patriotism.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
IN TODAY’S fast-paced world, where information is constantly being generated and disseminated through a variety of platforms, reading daily newspapers remains an essential habit for many reasons.
Despite the rise of digital media, the value of reading a physical or digital newspaper every day cannot be overstated. It provides
numerous benefits, including staying informed about current events, fostering critical thinking, improving language skills, and keeping readers engaged in global issues.
Newspaper readership still holds a great amount of value to citizens in an increasingly digital-dominated landscape. On top of keeping us up-to-date with the latest stories, print and digital newspapers provide readers with many of the benefits associated with reading overall.
Reading different newspapers can aid our learning and personal development, increasing language skills, critical thinking and even civic engagement.
On the whole, it is considered a timeless hobby that can allow individuals of different ages and backgrounds to feel knowledgeable, inspired and empowered.
The biggest advantage of reading a newspaper is that it adds value to you and your personality. It improves your English or any other language in which you are reading it; it enhances your confidence and it makes lives easier as you are updated with the current issues, achievements, facts, discoveries, research, laws, events, ideologies, politics, movements, historical facts and what not? It also improves your memory to a certain extent and increases your reading skills and indirectly writing skills, as well.
Newspapers, since their circulation beginning in the early 17th century, have become a part and parcel of our lives. Without them, our mornings seem to be incomplete. For some, it is not just the paper but a vital link to the outside world. Newspaper reading has become an essential part of our life. Reading it every morning, we get to learn new things and amuse ourselves with the engaging information contained within the pages.
Reading newspapers daily is a habit that every student should cultivate as there are multitudes of benefits of reading newspapers that help a student become an all-rounder, advance in academics & career, and achieve excellence in life. It becomes their means to update themselves with everything ongoing in their city, state, country, and the world.
It is said that knowledge is power and that is exactly what the newspaper brings to your door –information about the current happenings of the world so that you can form your opinion, take your stance, and have the power with you to choose the correct course of action. The following are several persuasive reasons why we should make reading newspapers daily as part of our daily routine.
Staying Informed About Current Events
One of the most significant reasons to read daily newspapers is to stay informed about current events. News stories, whether they pertain to politics, economics, international relations, or social issues, can have a profound impact on our lives. Reading newspapers allows us to keep up with the latest developments, ensuring that we are knowledgeable about what’s happening in our community, country, and the world. Being informed not only helps us make better decisions but also enhances our ability to participate in conversations, debates, and discussions on important topics.
Fostering Critical Thinking and Awareness
Reading daily newspapers also encourages critical thinking. As you navigate through various articles, you’re exposed to different perspectives, opinions, and analyses of the same event. This encourages you to think critically, question assumptions, and develop your informed viewpoint.
For instance, a political article may present multiple angles on a policy issue, and as a reader, you must evaluate the facts, consider the implications, and form an independent opinion. Newspapers often provide in-depth reporting, giving readers a chance to think about the long-term consequences of decisions made by governments or corporations. This cultivates a deeper understanding of complex issues, fostering a more aware and informed citizenry.
Improving Language and Communication Skills
Another often overlooked benefit of reading newspapers is the improvement of language and communication skills. Daily newspapers are filled with rich vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and varied writing styles. By reading these articles regularly, readers can significantly improve their reading comprehension, vocabulary, and writing abilities. Newspapers also offer diverse content, including feature stories, editorials, interviews, and more, allowing readers to gain exposure to various writing techniques and tones. Moreover, frequent exposure to formal, well-structured language can help individuals become more articulate and effective communicators, both in writing and in speech. These enhanced communication skills are invaluable in personal and professional contexts.
Access to Diverse Opinions and Perspectives
One of the unique features of newspapers is their ability to present a wide range of opinions. From editorials and columns to letters to the editor, newspapers often include diverse viewpoints on various issues. This exposure to differing opinions is essential in a democracy, as it broadens our understanding of the world and challenges our preconceived notions. By reading a variety of perspectives, readers can develop empathy and a more balanced view of the issues that shape our society. Furthermore, newspapers often cover local, national, and international news, offering a comprehensive look at global events and trends. This helps readers become more globally aware and appreciative of the diversity of cultures and experiences around the world.
Promoting Civic Engagement
Reading daily newspapers is also an excellent way to engage in civic life. Newspapers play a vital role in informing the public about local government activities, elections, public policies, and social issues. By staying informed, citizens are better equipped to make their voices heard and take action on issues that matter to them. Whether it’s voting in elections, participating in community events, or advocating for social justice, a well-informed citizenry is the backbone of a healthy democracy. Moreover, many newspapers offer opportunities for readers to interact with the content, such as submitting letters to the editor or participating in online discussions. These avenues of engagement allow readers to take an active role in shaping the dialogue on important matters.
Establishing a Daily Routine and Mindful Consumption of Information
Reading a daily newspaper helps establish a healthy routine of mindful information consumption. In contrast to the instant and often overwhelming nature of social media, newspapers provide a curated selection of news, offering a more structured and balanced approach to staying informed. Newspapers filter out the noise, allowing readers to focus on the most important stories of
the day. This disciplined approach to consuming news encourages readers to take their time, reflect on the information, and avoid falling into the trap of sensationalism or misinformation. In addition, reading daily newspapers offers a range of benefits that contribute to both personal and societal well-being. It keeps readers informed about current events, encourages critical thinking, enhances language skills, and promotes civic engagement.
Furthermore, it exposes readers to diverse viewpoints, making them more empathetic and understanding of global issues. In an era where information is abundant, reading daily newspapers remains an invaluable tool for cultivating an informed, thoughtful, and active person.
References
- https://wordsrated.com/benefits-of-reading-the-newspaper
- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
- https://jbms.in/10-benefits-of-reading-newspaper-for-students
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
AT OUR house, a cute little bird is kept in a beautiful birdcage. My grandfather, grandmother, nephews, nieces, younger brothers, and sisters regularly feed it grains of rice, and they are very happy to have such a lovely bird at home.
One day, my little bird refused to eat anything we offered. I wondered why it was refusing food. Finally, I realized that I wanted to fly outside the cage and meet new bird friends in a new environment.
So, I immediately set it free. As soon as I released it, the bird flew quickly and happily into the blue sky. It continued flying toward the southern part of our village, where a large banyan tree stands. The bird stopped flying and rested when it reached the tree. Although the tree and the new green surroundings were unfamiliar, the bird seemed very happy.
After a while, a group of young boys with guns (*Laygwa*) approached the tree. I was so worried about my dear bird that I couldn’t stay silent. I ran as fast as I could to the banyan tree where the bird was resting. The entire time, I kept thinking about whether my bird was in danger.
When I reached the tree, I was exhausted. But I felt relieved when I saw my bird sitting on a branch. I greeted it with a sweet smile and asked it to come down, but it didn’t respond. It seemed worried that I might capture it again. So, I explained, “I’m not here to take you back. I came to warn you that your enemies are coming to harm you. Please, fly away!”
Even after I spoke, the bird didn’t seem to hear me. Still, I didn’t give up because I was worried and didn’t want to regret staying. I continued talking until the bird finally looked at me. I decided to keep speaking until it understood or accepted my words. So, I said: “My dear bird, fly away quickly! They are coming. I’m speaking for your safety, not for my benefit. I won’t be happy if they catch you. Rest is good for health, but too much rest can be harmful.
If you’re tired, rest for a while, and then fly toward the beautiful hills and mountains. You can do it. You can fly even in bad situations or in harsh weather. I know flying for hours, days, months, or even years can be exhausting.
But remember, every bird faces difficulties and challenges before reaching its oasis or goal. If we give in to boredom or laziness, we’ll never reach a better place in life. Please, take my words to heart.”
“My dear bird, you bring joy to me and others. But those boys from the village won’t appreciate your beauty or your sweet voice. To them, you won’t be as valuable as a cup of curry. Believe me, or you’ll regret it. Your life will be safer and more peaceful if you find a place among those who love and value you – like the palace of a king or the homes of the wealthy. So, start flying now, my dear. Don’t be lazy or hesitate to make an effort!”
“You know, my love, everyone who cares about you will be proud and delighted when you reach a better stage in life. You’ll also find satisfaction and happiness. Keep flying every second, minute, and hour. You’re not under anyone’s control, and you have countless opportunities to build your life and create your future.
You can move to any place you like – where there are beautiful sceneries, big lakes, long rivers, blue oceans, and unique wonders
of the world. Don’t forget to fly and make an effort if you want to see and experience these great things. You’ll have the chance to meet new friends, enjoy the best fruits and vegetables, and travel safely wherever you wish.” “Think carefully about your new life, which will improve once you make a true effort. Imagine how your life will change. Of course, your thoughts will evolve, and even the views of those boys from the village will change.
They’ll realize you’re more valuable than many cups of curry.” “Moreover, many people will appreciate you because you’ve not only changed yourself but also their perspectives. If you can change your attitude and personality, you’ll be able to transform your surroundings – your place, town, city, country, and even the world – into a better place.”
(This essay is dedicated to everyone willing to take the next step towards improving their life.)
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar
The present era is the age of knowledge. Everything is accomplished through knowledge. Knowledge has the power to create anything. Since childhood, I have earnestly pursued learning and knowledge. Now, as I approach the age of 62, while serving the country, I continue to seek knowledge, attend classes, pursue degrees, and remain a student. To this day, I approach exams not as a burdensome duty but as an enjoyable experience, feeling as though I’m transported into a delightful world for just a few hours.
I have earned a Bachelor’s in Science, an honour’s degree, a Master’s degree, and advanced degrees in Chemistry. Knowledge is like a teacher that is passed down. I strive to both earn this heritage of knowledge worthily and to pass it along to others with dedication.
As the saying goes, “There is no light equal to knowledge.” In human life, knowledge is extremely important. Only by becoming knowledgeable can one be a good person and clearly distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad, as well as think critically and develop thoughtful discernment.
After completing my doctorate, I attended various courses and earned diplomas both domestically and abroad. While serving in my current role, I successfully completed an online course in Russian (Basic Level I & II) from the University of Foreign Languages. Additionally, I won first-place honours in Postgraduate Diplomas in Law (PGDL), Tourism (PGDGT), and Business (PGDB) from the Yangon Distance Education Programme.
Without considering age, I continue to immerse myself in lifelong learning. As our great nation evolves and advances, all scholars will find joy in meeting on this online platform for learning.
With this article, I pay heartfelt respect to my parents and all my teachers, treasuring their legacy of knowledge with deep gratitude and reverence.
Source: The Global New Light of Myanmar