I lived in Thanlyin for a few years, when I was young. So, I have long wanted to visit it. Luckily, my long-awaited chance came to me last Monday.

That morning , when my brother told me about their trip to Thanlyin by phone, I was in the class at the University of Foreign Languages .As I did not want to miss this opportunity , I requested permission from the professor to accompany my brother  to Thanlyin .The professor acceded to my request .When my brother came to the gate of the university where I was awaiting their arrival, I found in their car some writers , with whom I was quite acquainted.       

It was 11:30, when we got to the Thanlyin Bridge .The sun was already up in in the cloudy sky , half hidden among the clouds .The turbulent Yangon river was lingering lazily under it .When I throw my look towards the surface of the water, I saw a wide expanse of Yangon river.Suddenly , I remembered my frequent swimming with my brothers near the bank of Yangon river . On the left down, some distance from the bridge were a sand-bank and a small island covered with green tall grass . When our car approached the other side of the bridge , the tops of the tall trees growing in a line starting from the water-edge seemed to be rising up quickly towards our car running on the bridge .After our car had crossed the junction at the entrance of Thanlyin, we espied the arched gate-way into the precincts of the Shin Hmwe Lun Pagoda some metres away on the right .And then our car again made its way a long Kyaik Khauk Pagoda Road. We did not stop on the way until Kyauktan where the Kyaik Maw Wam Pagoda was situated. When we reached the Hmaw Wam creek , where Kyaik Maw Wam Pagoda was situated .When we reached the Hmaw Wam creek, where Kyaik Maw Wam Pagoda stood , it was already 12.So our group members were very hungry.

Thus , we entered a food center where Myanmar traditional cuisines are sold . Then , we partook of meals and other delicious curries to our heart's content. Then we bought the flowers for Buddha images and the feed for the fishes and pigeons. Next, we walked to the ferry -port on the bank of the Maw Wam creek , in the middle of which the Kyaik Maw Wam was located. Many sellers ran after us and sold their goods .I bought some lottery tickets from a lottery-ticket seller .

To save time, we hired a motered-boat for 3000 Kyats .When we reached the islet where the Kyaik Maw Wam pagoda was, we found there many pilgrims from different walks of life ,some feeding food to big fish coming to the pagoda with the currents and to pigeons and some paying homage to the wish-fulfilled marble Buddha image in the shrine room .It was wonderful to see fish bobbing up to water -surface and pulling the feed down into the water. I also saw the statue of Venerable Upagutta in a brass shrine near the shrine room .Legend has it that the Kyaik Maw Wam pagoda was built by king Bhogasena , ruler of Pada Kingdom in the year283 Sasana Era, that its original height was seven cubits and then king Tutta Naga , the tenth of his descendants , enshrined in it one hair-relic of the Buddha and other relics brought from Sri Lanka .It was uplifted to the height of 34 cubits in 1909 and given renovation in 1948 and 1989  respectively .We left pagoda at 2:00 pm .On the way back , we dropped in on the Kyaik Khauk Pagoda standing majestically on Uttaringa Hill and other historical sites .

We felt hungry and exhausted at 3:15 pm .Therefore we stopped over at food centre " Lucky Morning " in  downtown Thanlyin. We ate fried tofu , spring rolls and other refreshments . We drank tea there .Then we return home straight. Although we felt stiffed and tired due to the constant posture in the car all the way, we were refreshed  by the beautiful green landscapes on both sides of the way and my desire to visit Thanlyin was fulfilled.

Photo- Tripadvisor

As the global geopolitical order evolves towards a more multipolar framework, one of the most significant developments is the proliferation of smaller regional coalitions. These alliances, characterized by their focused and often localized nature, are increasingly regarded as essential mechanisms for countries to protect their sovereignty, pursue shared economic and security objectives, and navigate the complexities of a rapidly transforming global power structure. While traditional global institutions such as the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) continue to play important roles, the formation of these smaller, region-specific groupings is becoming a defining feature of modern international relations.

Transition to Multipolarity and the Rise of Focused Alliances

The world is gradually shifting away from a unipolar global system dominated by a singular superpower toward a more multipolar order, where several regional powers exert significant influence. The theoretical framework of structural realism, particularly as articulated by Kenneth Waltz, posits that in a multipolar environment, states are more inclined to form alliances based on shared security concerns and economic interests. Smaller, more targeted coalitions allow states to focus on pressing regional challenges—such as trade, security, climate change, and infrastructure—without being overshadowed by the rivalries between global superpowers. These compact alliances offer enhanced flexibility, allowing states to respond rapidly and effectively to immediate concerns.

Southeast Asia: A Paradigm of Regional Cooperation

Southeast Asia offers a compelling illustration of the rise of focused regional alliances. Strategically situated between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the region has historically been a theater of geopolitical competition, particularly between the United States and China. Countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand are compelled to balance economic partnerships with China while maintaining security ties with the United States, leading to a delicate diplomatic balancing act.

China’s rapid economic ascendancy has led many Southeast Asian nations to strengthen their engagement with Beijing, particularly through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which facilitates trade, infrastructure development, and investment. Nevertheless, these countries, despite their economic dependence on China, also maintain substantial security relationships with the U.S., as evidenced by longstanding agreements like the U.S.-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty and the U.S.-Thailand Security Cooperation Agreement. These arrangements ensure a U.S. military presence in the region, which serves as a counterweight to China’s expanding influence.

To navigate this complex geopolitical terrain, many Southeast Asian countries have increasingly turned to smaller, more compact groups such as the Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS) and the Cambodia-Laos-Vietnam Development Triangle Area (CLV-DTA). These alliances address specific regional issues, including infrastructure, trade, and security, allowing countries to collaborate on critical matters without becoming embroiled in the broader geopolitical rivalry between the U.S. and China. The rise of such smaller associations underscores the region’s preference for pragmatic, issue-based cooperation, rather than broad geopolitical alignment.

The Global Phenomenon of Regional Alliances

The trend toward the formation of smaller regional groups is not confined to Southeast Asia; it is a global phenomenon. Around the world, countries are increasingly opting for these coalitions to address regional challenges without being drawn into the larger, often destabilizing, power struggles between global superpowers.

Europe: The Rise of Regional Groupings in Response to EU Challenges

In Europe, smaller alliances have gained prominence as countries seek to assert their national interests, particularly in areas where broader EU policies may not align with their priorities. Notable examples include the Visegrád Group—comprising the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia—which has taken a more assertive stance on issues such as immigration and economic integration, challenging EU consensus. Likewise, the Nordic-Baltic Alliance, which includes Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and the Baltic states, focuses on security cooperation and regional stability in response to perceived threats, particularly from Russia.

These smaller groupings enable countries to address specific challenges in a more flexible and responsive manner, which is often not feasible within the larger, more bureaucratic EU framework. The emergence of such alliances reflects the growing desire for greater autonomy and adaptability in a rapidly changing geopolitical environment.

The Middle East: Fragmentation and Regional Realignment

In the Middle East, smaller alliances have emerged in response to longstanding regional power struggles, particularly between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The Abraham Accords, which saw Israel normalize diplomatic relations with the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, represent a significant shift in the region’s geopolitical landscape, fostering cooperation in areas such as security, trade, and political alignment. Similarly, the Arab Quartet, consisting of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt, was formed to counter Qatar’s growing regional influence and present a unified stance against perceived destabilizing forces.

These smaller groupings provide a mechanism for countries in the region to pursue specific geopolitical and economic interests, while mitigating the influence of external powers, such as Iran and Turkey, which often play a disruptive role in regional affairs.

Africa: Regional Cooperation as a Solution to Local Challenges

In Africa, smaller alliances such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the East African Community (EAC) have proven instrumental in addressing a range of local challenges, including conflict resolution, economic integration, and trade facilitation. These regional organizations allow member states to collaborate on security issues, promote economic growth, and manage natural resources effectively, offering solutions that are more tailored to local contexts than broader global organizations might provide.

Given the political instability, terrorism, and economic challenges facing many African states, these smaller alliances are increasingly viewed as essential for addressing the region's most pressing concerns.

Latin America: Fragmented Alliances in a Politically Diverse Region

In Latin America, political fragmentation has led to the formation of smaller alliances that reflect the region’s diverse political landscape. The Pacific Alliance, which includes Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, is primarily focused on economic integration and trade, while the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), which includes Venezuela and Bolivia, espouses anti-imperialist and socialist ideals. These groupings allow countries to pursue their respective political and economic goals, providing platforms for cooperation amid the region’s political fragmentation.
 

Asia-Pacific: Strategic Partnerships and Balancing Global Powers

In the Asia-Pacific, smaller alliances are increasingly common, as countries seek to balance relations with both regional powers and global superpowers. The Quad (United States, Japan, India, and Australia), for example, is a strategic alignment designed to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific, particularly in response to China’s growing influence. Additionally, regional organizations such as the South Pacific Islands Forum provide smaller Pacific island nations with a platform to collaborate on issues such as climate change, security, and sustainable development, while managing their relationships with global powers like the U.S., China, and Australia.

The Promise and Perils of Smaller Alliances

The formation of smaller regional alliances offers significant advantages, as well as notable risks. From the perspectives of international political economy and realist theory, these alliances provide countries with the opportunity to assert their autonomy and pursue specific economic, political, or security goals without being constrained by larger, more bureaucratic organizations. They facilitate faster decision-making and more effective responses to regional challenges.

However, smaller pacts are not without their drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the potential for regional instability. These groupings can become arenas for great power competition, particularly when external powers use them to counterbalance each other’s influence. Furthermore, smaller alliances may struggle to maintain cohesion over time, especially when member states have divergent priorities. This lack of unity can limit the effectiveness of these groupings in addressing long-term regional issues. Moreover, such alliances may marginalize countries that are excluded, leading to feelings of exclusion and inequality.

Conclusion: Smaller Regional Alliances as Catalysts in a Multipolar Global Order

The rise of smaller regional alliances is a defining feature of the emerging multipolar world order. Countries are increasingly turning to focused coalitions to address regional issues and safeguard their national interests. While these alliances present valuable opportunities for cooperation, they also carry risks of fragmentation, instability, and external interference. As the global geopolitical environment continues to evolve, smaller regional groups will play a critical role in shaping future international relations. Nations will need to navigate the delicate balance between cooperation and competition within these groupings to effectively manage the complexities of the modern world.

References;

Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley.

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Norton & Company.

Chaturvedi, S., & Singh, S. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative and Southeast Asia: Opportunities and Challenges. Asian Economic Policy Review, 14(2), 217-233.

ASEAN Secretariat. (2020). ASEAN Regional Cooperation and Integration. Retrieved from https://asean.org

Dittmer, L., & Kim, H. J. (2020). The Rise of Smaller Alliances in Southeast Asia: Balancing China and the US. Asian Security Studies Journal, 34(1), 45-68.

Tunsjø, Ø. (2021). The Security of the Asia-Pacific Region: China’s Growing Influence and U.S. Responses. Oxford University Press.

Goldstein, A. (2005). Rising China and the East Asian Order. World Politics, 57(1), 58-97.

Sahay, R., & Jain, A. (2017). The Visegrád Group and Its Role in European Politics. Journal of European Integration Studies, 17(3), 45-63.

Rabi, N. S. (2020). Regional Cooperation in Africa: The Role of ECOWAS and the EAC in Addressing Conflicts. African Journal of Political Science, 19(2), 123-138.

Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.

Hirsch, A., & O’Loughlin, B. (2018). Middle East Geopolitics: Power, Politics, and Regional Alliances. Routledge.

Bajpai, K., & Raj, R. (2019). The Strategic Impact of the Quad in the Indo-Pacific. Asian Security Review, 22(4), 304-325.

World Bank. (2020). Infrastructure and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: Trends and Future Directions. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). (2021). Global Trends: Regional Power Shifts and the Rise of New Alliances. Retrieved from https://cfr.org

THE military is often viewed primarily as a force for national defence and security. However, its contributions extend far beyond the battlefield. The military not only produces disciplined and skilled soldiers but also plays a significant role in the cultural, social, and economic development of a nation. One notable example is Kyaw Swe, a former soldier who became a celebrated actor in Myanmar. Now, let me explore the various ways in which the military contributes to the country, highlighting its role in producing good citizens and fostering talent in diverse fields. 

The military is a place where disciplined and skilled soldiers are trained. Soldiers learn to follow rules, stay focused, and complete their duties with care. The military provides tough training that builds both physical strength and mental focus. It also teaches important skills, such as teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving. At the same time, soldiers develop strong moral values and good character. They learn honesty, loyalty, and respect for others, which are important qualities for any person. These values help soldiers not only in their military duties but also in their personal lives, making them good soldiers and responsible individuals. 

Kyaw Swe is a great example of a military member who made significant contributions to the arts. Before becoming a famous actor, he served in the military, where he gained discipline, courage, and a strong sense of responsibility. These qualities played an important role in his success as an artist. Military training helps develop focus, determination, and resilience, which can enhance artistic talents. For Kyaw Swe, the discipline and leadership he learned in the army allowed him to create meaningful and powerful films that inspired many people. His life shows how military experience can help individuals succeed in the world of art and culture. Here, the readers will see his great talents. 

Kyaw Swe, a famous actor, was known for his roles in action, romance, and natural-themed films. However, he directed only one war film, “Pearl Tears”, which became a very popular movie. Because of his experience as a soldier, Kyaw Swe faced no difficulties in directing this war film. The movie became so successful that it left a remarkable mark in Myanmar’s film history. 

Although Kyaw Swe acted in many films with actress Khin Yu May, “Pearl Tears” was considered their best work together. Their performances in the movie were so perfect that their on-screen chemistry reached new heights. Kyaw Swe was a talented and outstanding actor, admired by many in the Myanmar film industry. Unfortunately, despite his skills, he never won an Academy Award. His expressions and actions spoke louder than words, showcasing deep meaning and emotion. 

Kyaw Swe was born in Bago on 10 February 1924, a Sunday. His birth name was Maung Aung Thein, and his parents affectionately called him “Mauni”. He was the third child out of five siblings. His father, U Ba Hnit, was a government officer, and his mother, Daw Ohn Sein, was a homemaker. When his family moved to Yangon, he attended ABM School in Kyimyindine Township until the second grade. He later continued his studies at St John’s School for Boys, where he passed the tenth grade in 1942. 

Early Life as a Soldier 

During the colonial period, Maung Aung Thein joined the British Royal Air Force and trained in Myitkyina. When World War II broke out, he walked from Myitkyina to Bago with a group of seven companions. Along the way, five of them died, leaving only him and one other to survive. Once he returned to Bago, he joined the Burma Independence Army (BIA) with a strong patriotic spirit. He served under Captain Bala as a sergeant major. After the BIA was reorganized into the Burma Defense Army (BDA), he continued to serve as an officer. 

During the Japanese occupation, he worked as a police officer in Moulmein (Mawlamyine) and Bago while secretly op posing the Japanese. He joined the resistance movement and fought against fascism. After the war, he planned to attend a police officer training course in Mandalay. However, his friends convinced him to pursue a career in acting instead. 

Beginning of Acting Career

Kyaw Swe struggled during his early days in the film industry. He faced many challenges in becoming a film actor. After several attempts, he met director U Tin Nwe, who introduced him to U Ba Shin of British Burma Films. U Ba Shin admired his handsome looks and confident personality. However, U Ba Shin set a unique condition: Kyaw Swe had to dive from the roof top of a three-story building to qualify as the second lead actor. Kyaw Swe agreed. 

At that time, Director U Ba Shin was filming “Saw Ya San Sha” in Mandalay with lead actor Tin Pe and actress May Myint. A One and British Burma Films had a habit of coming up with unique ways to film movies, so U Ba Shin organized a casting event by having people dive from the rooftop of a three-storey building in downtown Mandalay to generate public interest in his ongoing movie. Among the excited audience was a young man named Maung Aung Thein. When it was his turn, he bravely dived from the rooftop and landed gracefully on the ground, impressing U Ba Shin. Consequently, U Ba Shin chose him as the second lead actor and gave him the stage name “Kyaw Swe”. From that moment on, Maung Aung Thein became known as the actor Kyaw Swe. 

Success in Film 

Kyaw Swe was passionate about improving Myanmar’s film industry. In 1969, he went to Japan to study filmmaking. After returning from Japan, he wrote scripts, acted, and directed his films, establishing his own film production company, “Moe Films”. One of the notable films produced by his company was “Pearl Tears”. This film was a large-scale production focused on the Anti-Chinese Riots, co-starring with actress Khin Yu May. Kyaw Swe’s films were known for their emphasis on cinematography, resulting in visually stunning scenes that were vibrant and expressive. Throughout his career, Kyaw Swe acted with many famous actresses such as May Shin, May Myint, Mary Myint, May Thit, Myint Myint Khin, San Shar Tin, Tin Tin Mu, Hnin Hsi, Khin Lay Swe, Khin Nann Myint, and Khin Yu May. Most of his later films were produced with Khin Yu May as his co-star. 

Moreover, Kyaw Swe was a former soldier, and his military experience greatly enhanced his acting skills. Having served in the military, he brought a deep sense of realism and authenticity to his roles, which was evident in every performance. His disciplined approach and the intensity he conveyed in his characters made his portrayals stand out. He was not just playing a role; he was bringing his own life experiences into his work, which resonated deeply with audiences.

In the movie “Pearl Tears”, Kyaw Swe’s portrayal of a soldier was nothing short of remarka ble. The film, which dealt with significant themes and dramatic scenes, required a strong and believable performance, and Kyaw Swe delivered just that. His depiction of the character’s struggles and resilience was powerful and moving. Even as a child, I remember being truly captivated by his performance, which was both convincing and compelling.

Kyaw Swe’s military back ground not only made him a seasoned actor but also brought a sense of authenticity to his roles. His ability to convincingly portray a soldier in “Pearl Tears” is a testament to his talent and dedication. His performances were not just acts; they were re flections of his own experiences and understanding. This depth and realism made a lasting impression on me and undoubtedly on many others who watched his films.

In 1976, while filming “Saturday Night, 9 pm” with director Ye Baw Thet Shay, Kyaw Swe got a stroke. He passed away on 15 August 1982, at the age of 58. He appeared in 52 films throughout his career. Beyond his artistic contributions, Kyaw Swe was a patriot who fought for Myanmar’s independence. He remains a highly respected figure in both Myanmar’s film and history. 

In brief, Kyaw Swe’s life that had much experience in military service, and career serve as a remarkable example of dedication, talent, and patriotism. From his early days as a soldier to his success in the film industry, he demonstrated the values of discipline, resilience, and a deep love for his country. His contributions to both Myanmar’s independence and its cultural heritage have left a lasting impact. Kyaw Swe’s story inspires us to recognize the potential of individuals to excel in multiple fields and reminds us of the profound connection between discipline and creativity. His legacy continues to be celebrated, making him a true hero and a symbol of national pride. 

Confession: (Writing in memory of (U) Kyaw Swe is special to me because my late father bore a striking resemblance to the famous actor (U) Kyaw Swe.)

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

THE 4th of January 2025 is a significant and historic day that marks the 77th anniversary of Myanmar’s liberation from colonial rule and attainment of independence. The people must have been eagerly waiting for the auspicious moment of gaining independence since January’s early days 77 years ago. 

The city of Yangon enveloped in the serene atmosphere of the winter breeze waited with anticipation whether the national flag would be raised high upon its soil. 4 January 1948. The news of the impending declaration of independence at dawn spread from Yangon to even the furthest corners of the country. Historical records describe the night as one filled with restless anticipation. Some stayed awake through the night that it was a moment of great significance, eagerly waiting for that moment, others laying out plans for their newfound lives of freedom. Still, others were savouring the imagined taste of independence. Many remembered and paid tribute to the martyrs who had sacrificed their lives for this cause. That day marked over 100 years since liberation from the control of another, granting the people the right to carve their own nation’s destiny. It’s no surprise that everyone would feel immense joy and pride on such a momentous occasion.

At exactly 4:20 am, the sounds of cannons from the Myanmar Tatmadaw and the British navy stationed at the Yangon port were first heard. The thunderous cannon fire was not for warfare but rather to mark the auspicious occasion of Myanmar’s impending independence. At the end of the booming sounds, the UNIJET flag, which had stood for over 100 years in front of the Yangon City Ministers’ Office, gradually slid down from the top of the pole. Following this, the flag representing the entire nation of Myanmar rose swiftly from the bottom of the pole to the top, taking its place at the pinnacle. The gentle breeze of the winter season seemed to support the national flag as it fluttered proudly at the top, enhancing its dignity. 

Upon gaining independence, some citizens shed tears of joy, overwhelmed with happiness. Others danced, with exhilaration, some gave offerings, and a few ran and shouted in boundless excitement. Yet, some quietly savoured the taste of freedom. Having been liberated from the bonds of servitude, the people’s collective aspiration was to unite and work towards progress and prosperity. The voices of children would resonate through schools. Factories would operate, their chimneys releasing smoke as a sign of industrial activity. Highways, railroads, and other transport networks would connect the mountains and plains, rural regions and cities, fostering movement and trade. They rejoiced with the hope that wars would cease and the great garden of peace would bloom eternally.

In a speech delivered at the City Hall before the assassination and before achieving independence, General Aung San, as if foreseeing the future, urged the people with clarity: “If you desire independence, cultivate the discipline necessary to attain it. If you want independence, maintain unity required to achieve it. If you wish for independence, build the foundations that can make it possible. After doing so, if you wish to truly savour the essence of independence, you must work hard, be disciplined, and, starting now, reform yourselves by shedding bad habits, outdated customs, and indulgences.” Although the General had warned us, we still lack discipline to this day. Unity continues to fade, and the people have yet to fully and completely experience the essence of freedom.  

The British colonialists deliberately divided and marginalized the hill regions with ill intent, refusing to grant immediate independence to these areas. This strategy has perpetuated mistrust and discord between the hill people and the lowland people until today. Thanks to the far-sightedness of General Aung San and national race leaders, who engaged in extensive discussions and negotiations, the Panglong Agreement was reached, enabling a united struggle for independence. However, after the death of General Aung San, divisive ideologies based on distinctions such as hill people, lowlanders, Bamar, and ethnic minorities have continued to take root. These ideologies resurface whenever opportunities arise and are the root cause of the ongoing conflicts that have yet to be resolved. 

The armed struggle for independence was witnessed during the British and Japanese eras, where the nation’s situation, upon gaining independence, was observed concerning historical events. After more than five years of intense war fare with Allied forces and the Japanese, much of the nation’s infrastructure was severely damaged by the time independence was achieved. Railway stations, railways, and roads were all in disrepair, factories and workplaces were in ruins, and in various cities and regions, there was widespread destruction due to bombings and air raids. The abandoned fields during the colonial withdrawal were also devastated. Many civilians, affected by the war, were still unable to return to their homes. Reconstruction efforts were on going, but much work remained to be done.

After gaining independence, Myanmar embarked on a path of development and nation-building. However, different political ideologies, diverse thoughts, and communities continued to clash. Communists went under ground. In northern Rakhine State, insurgents such as the Mujahideen sought control, and the situation escalated to the point where the Karen National Union (KNU) came close to Yangon, particularly near Insein. The government with lesser governing experience, dealing with the country’s internal conflicts, has had to navigate and resolve these challenges.

Even the Myanmar Tatmadaw couldn’t assert control amidst the complexity of internal rebel lions in different colours. Armed conflicts, which originated in the struggle for independence, still burn like an unquenchable fire up to this day. 

The past 77 years were not only marked by wars. Successive national leaders have frequently called for discussions and negotiations to end conflicts driven by ideologies, ethnicity, religion, and other causes. They have often sought peaceful solutions through dialogues and agreements, setting aside weapons at times to find resolutions at the negotiation tables. On the other hand, governments have worked on the development of the nation, the nurturing of human re sources, and the construction of basic infrastructure. Moreover, the 2008 Constitution, based on a federal system, paved the way for a democratic path, and political reforms, such as the opening of new parliamentary spaces, enabled the establishment of democratic governments in two terms. 

The journey of democracy has been marked by political changes that began with elector al fraud, leading through a period of political transition. This transition was accompanied by groups like CRPH and NUG, composed of exiled terrorist betrayers, as well as internal and external supporters who have fuelled violence. These individuals and armed groups, including the armed factions of PDF, aimed to destroy the nation and engage in widespread violence. It is well-known that they have committed more and more armed conflicts in their pursuit of their goals leading to the utter devastation of the country. 

Despite achieving independence for a considerable period, the country has yet to attain political maturity. The people remain caught in the consequences of political in stability, including economic downturn, lack of rule of law, and the impacts of armed conflicts. The country’s essential infrastructure — such as roads, bridges, factories, workplaces, electricity supply, and human resource development projects — continues to be in a state of perpetual construction and destruction. 

Some members of the new generation, having lost hope due to the news of those in hiding in the jungles, and those who, believing in instigations wedged by followers of foreign masterminds, invited and welcomed armed conflicts to their regions, have become homeless as a result. Young people, who cannot attend school because the schools are closed, lose their future. Political figures, who, under the pretext of revolution, have raised funds in various forms, are now enriching themselves abroad, using the name of politics to betray their country and its citizens. When these news reports and events are witnessed, they cause great distress to the people. 

The armed groups should all look forward to peace with a vision and political maturity. They should strive for a peace ful resolution to end the armed conflicts. Based on the national spirit of adoring the country, citizens must all work together to build a genuine disciplined democratic nation. Every citizen deserves to experience the taste of freedom on the democratic path. Freedom is explicitly de fined as the right to vote. Each citizen has been entrusted with a small share of political power. This is the most fundamental political right, ensuring that every individual in a free country has the right to participate. 

The main issue with the current armed conflicts is the attempt to solve political problems through military means. The government has kept the door to peace open continuously since the previous administrations. Even now, it remains open. If there is a true desire for durable peace, or if there is political maturity that genuinely considers the welfare of the people, then the weapons in hand should be laid down, and the parties should be brought to the negotiation table for peace. Since the 77th Anniversary of Independence Day, we pray that the people may soon ex perience the fruits of peace by resolving the conflicts that have long been a source of desire and struggle and that peace may flourish swiftly

30-12-2024 Myanma Alinn Translated.

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

AS the clock passes midnight on 31 December, we offer farewell to 2024 and open our arms to embrace the New Year 2025. This transition is more than just a change in the calendar; it is a moment of reflection, hope, and celebration. The New Year offers us a clean slate, a chance to realign our goals, rekindle our dreams, and move forward with renewed determination.

Welcoming a new year is a universal tradition, celebrated in countless ways across the globe. From amazing fireworks displays to intimate family gatherings, the world unites in joy, gratitude, and optimism. The arrival of 2025 serves as a reminder that time is both precious and fleeting, urging us to cherish every moment and make the most of what lies ahead.

The New Year is also a time to reflect on the past. It allows us to pause and review the successes and challenges of the previous year. Every achievement, no matter how small, is evidence of our resilience and effort. Meanwhile, setbacks provide lessons that guide us toward better decisions and greater strength. In this spirit of contemplation, we enter 2025 not only with hope but also with wisdom gained from our experiences.

What makes 2025 particularly special is the promise of new beginnings. It is a chance to set fresh goals and aspirations, whether they involve personal growth, professional advancement, or nurturing relationships. As we write our resolutions and envision the year ahead, we are filled with a sense of purpose and determination. The start of a new year inspires us to dream big, step out of our comfort zones, and pursue the changes we have long desired.

Furthermore, the New Year brings with it the joy of connection. Families, friends, and communities come together to celebrate the occasion, sharing laughter, love, and goodwill. This sense of unity and togetherness is at the heart of the New Year’s spirit, reminding us that we are never alone in our journey. The words we strengthen during this time give us the courage and motivation to face the challenges of the year ahead.

As we warmly welcome 2025, let us do so with gratitude for the opportunities it brings. Let us focus on spreading kindness, fostering positivity, and making meaningful contributions to our world. Together, we can make this year a remarkable one, filled with moments of joy, progress, and fulfilment.

Bright and Beautiful 2025! May it be a year of good opportunities and lasting happiness for all.

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

Choosing between a desktop computer and a laptop can be a challenging decision. Both options have their benefits and drawbacks, and the choice largely depends on an individual’s needs and preferences. Therefore, let us explore the differences between desktop computers and laptops in terms of cost, convenience, and style to help you make an informed decision. 

One of the primary factors to consider when choosing between a desktop and a laptop is the cost. Desktop computers are generally more affordable than laptops with similar specifications. This is because desktops do not need the same portability features as laptops. Manufacturers can focus on enhancing performance over compactness, which often results in a lower price for desktops with powerful hardware. Additionally, upgrading individual components, such as RAM or storage, is usually cheaper for desktops. This makes them more cost-effective in the long run.

 On the other hand, laptops, especially high-performance or ultra-portable models, often come with a higher price tag due to their compact, lightweight design. The portability of laptops also means that repairs and upgrades can be more expensive, as components are smaller and more specialized. Therefore, while desktops are initially more budget-friendly, laptops may offer added value through their flexibility and portability, depending on the user’s needs. 

Another important factor to consider is the convenience of use. Laptops are inherently more convenient than desktops due to their portability. Users can easily carry laptops between home, office, and even public spaces, allowing for flexibility in where and how they work or study. This mobility suits people who often travel or need to work in multiple locations. 

Desktops, on the other hand, are fixed in one place, making them ideal for those who do not require mobility and prefer a dedicated workspace. However, desktops offer other conveniences, such as larger screens, ergonomic setups, and the ability to connect multiple peripherals simultaneously. These factors can enhance productivity, especially for professionals requiring powerful hardware for graphic design or video editing tasks. In summary, while laptops offer portability and flexibility, desktops provide a more stable and customizable setup for specific tasks. 

In addition, there is the subject of style. When it comes to style, laptops, and desktops offer different aesthetics and appeal to different preferences. Laptops tend to have a sleek, modern look, with brands often focusing on slim designs, lightweight frames, and high-quality finishes to attract users who value style and portability. Many laptops come in various colours and finishes, allowing users to choose one that suits their personal tastes. 

Desktops, however, tend to be bulkier and less portable, with larger cases and multiple components. Despite this, desktops offer more customization options, such as LED lighting, transparent cases, and various add-ons that appeal to users who want a unique setup. In essence, laptops cater to those who prioritize minimalism and mobility, while desktops at tract users who prefer a customizable, robust setup that reflects their individuality. 

Apart from cost, convenience, and style, performance is another key aspect to consider. Generally, desktops have an edge over lap tops in terms of performance. This is because desktops can house larger and more powerful components, such as CPUs and GPUs, without the limitations of space and cooling that laptops face. For tasks that require high processing power, like gaming, video editing, or 3D rendering, desktops are usually the better choice.

 Laptops, while improving in performance, still cannot match the raw power of desktops. However, for everyday tasks like browsing, writing, or watching videos, modern laptops are more than sufficient. The trade-off in performance is often balanced by the benefits of portability and ease of use that laptops offer.

 What is more, the choice between a desktop computer and a laptop depends on various factors, including cost, convenience, style, and performance. Desktops are generally more affordable and offer better performance, especially for high-demand tasks, but they lack portability. Laptops, on the other hand, are portable and stylish, providing flexibility and convenience for users who need to work on the go. They are, however, more expensive and may not offer the same level of performance as desktops. 

Ultimately, the decision comes down to personal preference and specific needs. If you require a powerful machine for demanding tasks and do not need to move it frequently, a desktop might be the best choice. If you value portability and flexibility and are willing to invest a bit more, a laptop could be the ideal option. Both desktops and laptops have their unique advantages, and understanding these can help you make the best decision for your computing needs.

 In today’s world, portable devices have become more popular, changing how people work, study, and communicate. Both laptops and desktops can do similar tasks, but many people now prefer laptops because they are easy to carry and use in different places. This change in preference shows that people want devices that fit their busy, on-the-go lifestyles. Although desktops have some advantages, the popularity of laptops is mainly due to their portability, versatility, and ability to meet the needs of modern users. 

One main reason people choose laptops over desktops is portability. Laptops are lightweight and compact, allowing users to take them almost anywhere – to a café, library, or even on a trip. This flexibility is valuable for students, professionals, and freelancers who need to work in different places. Unlike desktops, which need a fixed setup with a monitor and other parts, laptops are made work well in various settings. For example, a student can carry a laptop from home to campus, accessing their work easily wherever they go. 

Another reason is that laptops can run on batteries, which makes them usable even without a power outlet nearby. Desktops need to stay plugged in to work, but laptops can last several hours on a single charge. This is very useful in places where power is not always available or where there are power outages. In areas with frequent power cuts, laptops allow students and workers to continue working without interruptions. In developing regions, laptops provide a way for people to stay connected and productive even when electricity is limited. 

Advances in technology have also made laptops more powerful and useful for different tasks. In the past, people thought desktops were better for demanding tasks like gaming or graphic design. However, many laptops today can handle these tasks well. With powerful processors, good graphics, and large storage, laptops are now capable of managing various professional tasks. Industries like graphic design and data analysis now often use laptops in their daily work. Gaming laptops, for example, show that laptops can meet high-performance needs that were once only possible with desktops. 

The space-saving design of laptops is another reason why people prefer them. Desktops need a large setup space and can create clutter with multiple parts, but laptops are compact and include everything in one unit. This makes them ideal for small apartments, dorm rooms, or shared offices. Laptops also have a sleek, modern look that many people find attractive. In homes with limited space, laptops offer a practical solution without taking up much room. 

While laptops have clear advantages, some people still prefer desktops for specific reasons. Desktops allow for greater customization, making it easy for users to upgrade parts like the processor, memory, or graphics card. This is especially useful for gamers, software developers, and others who need high performance and want to keep their computers up-to-date over time. Desktops also offer better cooling systems because they have more space for fans and airflow, which helps avoid overheating during heavy tasks like gaming or video editing. These qualities make desktops a strong choice for users who need high levels of performance. 

However, for the average user, the convenience and flexibility of laptops are more important than these extra features. Most people do not need such high levels of customization and cooling, especially with modern laptops becoming more powerful and capable of handling everyday tasks. As technology improves, laptops are closing the gap with desktops in terms of performance, making desktops less necessary even for some intensive tasks. 

Furthermore, the shift from desktops to laptops reflects the modern need for devices that are portable, flexible, and easy to use. Laptops provide these qualities, making them a good fit for both work and personal use. Desktops have their strengths, especially for users with specific needs, but laptops now meet the needs of most users better, making them the preferred choice. As technology advances, laptops will likely continue to improve, making desktops even less necessary for most people. 

The paragraphs above reflect the general perceptions people have about desktops and laptops. Now, I’d like to share my perspective and personal feelings. I am truly a “desktop enthusiast”. This admiration for desktops has been with me for a long time. However, my very first computer was just an old laptop. After using that laptop for about two years, I eventually managed to buy a desktop, and I loved it! 

But a few years ago, I had to let go of my reliance on my desktop. This was due to the limited electricity access in my area; we only had power for about two to four hours during the day. In that situation, using a desktop became impractical, so I switched to using a laptop instead: which lasted for about four years. Now, I can say that I’ve come to appreciate and even love my laptop. With that, I’ll end this long message.

Source : GNLM

MANLE Sayadaw (1842-1921) and Ledi Sayadaw (1 December 1846-27 June 1923) were contemporary Buddhist monk-scholars who made notable contributions to Buddhist doctrine in their discourses and writings which have enriched Myanmar literature.
In the 17 and 24 November 2024 issues of The Global New Light of Myanmar, I have translated and reproduced the original vernacular two poems (in a sense ‘doggerels’) written by the two revered monks. The poem by Manle Sayadaw deals with the disadvantages, indeed one could say negative consequences of drinking tea. On the other hand, Ledi Sayadaw listed the benefits of drinking tea and complimented the tea drinkers. The two poems appeared one after the other in the booklet Selected Burmese Poems for 1st and 2nd-year students at the University of Mandalay first published in October 1986.
It is presumable that the poem by Ledi Sayadaw praising the benefits of drinking tea was composed by him after he came across the elder (in age) Manle Sayadaw’s poem censuring tea drinkers. In the mid-18th to early 20th century when the two poems were supposedly composed there was no postal service, not to say radio or telegrams (perhaps). Facebook, Viber and WhatsApp were much more than a century away in the future. Hence it must have been several weeks or a few months before Ledi Sayadaw came across Manle Sayadaw’s poem listing the negative effects of tea drinking. Or — this is only a guess — were there literary symposia during the last two kings of Upper Burma? In the days of King Mindon (8 July 1808-1 October 1878, reigned 1853-78) and King Thibaw (1 January 1859-19 December 1916, reigned 1878-85) there could be literary symposia in court. The two Sayadaws must have been between the ages of 22 to 44 (Manle Sayadaw) and the ages of 18-39 (Ledi Sayadaw) during the reigns of Mindon and Thibaw. Did either of the two kings request the two revered monks to compose poems about the advantages and disadvantages of drinking tea? Perhaps or perhaps not.
One wonders what ‘triggered’ Manle Sayadaw to compose the ‘anti-tea-drinking poem’ or for that matter on the off-chance that it
was Ledi Sayadaw who first composed the ‘pro-tea-drinking’ poem what prompted Ledi Sayadaw to do so.
I am not aware whether there were — or not — other poems or indeed discourses by the two revered monks where they did not see eye to eye on things not only about tea drinking but also on other mundane as well as religious matters.
The rivalry between two Buddhist monks of the 15th to 16th centuries: Shin Maharatha Ratthasara and Shin Maha Silavamsa Two Buddhist monks contemporaneously flourished in the mid-15th to early-16th centuries. Their contributions to Myanmar literature are also very significant.
Indeed, it could be stated that they are landmarks in medieval Burmese literature. They were Shin (Shin is not a ‘first name’ as such but an honorific denoting, a learned monk) Maha (Maha is also an honorific generally meaning ‘great’) Ratthasara (1468-1529) (hereafter Ratthasara) and Shin Maha Silavamsa (1453-1518) (hereafter Silavamsa). Silavamsa is 15 years older than Ratthasara.
I have ‘wondered’ above whether Manle Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw were requested by the two last Burmese kings to compose on the topic of drinking tea.
But over three centuries earlier in the palace of the then Innwa (Ava) kings there were literary symposiums where the two monks Silavamsa and Ratthasara were (shall we say) enjoined to compose poems, prose and other literary genres before a live audience. Myanmar language and literature scholars throughout the centuries have debated and expressed their views on the comparative literary contributions, styles and merits of the two medieval monks.
Scholars have stated their views as to whose literary work Silavamsa or Ratthasara were ‘better’ or ‘superior’. One epigram whose origin this writer does not know states to the effect that Silavamsa’s literary achievements were like diamonds cutting not merely through baskets (Taung Go Ma Phaut) but through the mountains (Taun Go Phaut Thi).
Hence Silavamsa’s literary products were like diamonds (Sain Kyaut A-thwin Thila Win). In comparison or indeed in contrast Ratthathara’s literary prose and poetry are merely thorn-like tools which pierced baskets but not mountains (Taun Go Ma Phaut Taung Go Phaut Thi Hsu Hsauk Pamar Ratta Tha).
From the above statement, it is clear that the writer(s) of the epigram were of the view that Silavamsa was the ‘superior’ literati.
Was Silavamsa superior in all or most of his literary products compared to Ratthasara? In his most recent book titled (in translation) Myanmar Language: References to Sixty Treatises (published November 2024) Saya Maung Khin Min (Danubyu) (born 2 January1942) quoted Bagan Wun Htauk U Tin (1861-1933) who himself referred to Kinwun Mingyi U Kaung (3 February 1822-30 June 1908).
Kinwun Mingyi stated that Silavamsa’s poetry is good in meaning and is inspiring. Kinwun Mingyi stated though that as to rhyme
and cadence Ratthasara was the superior writer (on page 23 of Maung Khin Min’s book). Almost certainly there could be a comparative commentary on the literary contributions of the two scholar monks of the mid19th to early 20th century (Manle Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw) as there were perhaps more extensive analyses and commentaries of the two monk-poet-literati of the mid-15th to early 16th century.
Are there any Master’s or doctoral theses in the Myanmar language in the various Departments of Myanmar comparing the literary contributions of Manle Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw? If there are any books or treatises comparing the literary flair, styles and contributions of Manle Sayadaw and Ledi Sayadaw in both Myanmar and even in the English language yours truly would appreciate learning from them.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

WHEN I came out of the lift, I found myself on the bridge-like roofed passageway which connected the lift shaft with the pagoda platform. From the passageway, I got a bird’s eye view of the sprawling Yangon City. I espied in the distance some skyscrapers rising starkly into the sky and a medley of red roofs of the houses hidden amongst the greens of the trees.
The entire landscape was bathing dreamily in the golden rays of the rising sun. Our team headed slowly towards the pagoda glistening in the glow of the morning sun. It was a day to be remembered by our family members, for it was the 79th birthday of our beloved mother. We were now on the platform of the Shwedagon Pagoda to celebrate her birthday.
As it was a weekday, there were only a few pilgrims on the pagoda platform. I saw a couple of lovers paying homage to the pagoda, sitting on the victorious ground (အောင်မြေ ). Buddhists believe that the victorious ground can bring the fulfilment of our wishes. With this thought in our minds, we also sat down on this sacred ground and paid homage to the pagoda wishing that our mother would enjoy good health, happiness and longevity. Then, leaving behind my mother and sisters who were telling beads in the victorious ground, I walked clockwise round the base of the pagoda. I found shrine rooms housing the Kakusandha Buddha, the Konagamana Buddha, the Kassapa Buddha and the Gotama Buddha at the four cardinal points of the pagoda and some rest houses and pavilions surmounted by a multi-tiered roof round the pagoda platform.
Inside these buildings were some devotees meditating, reciting discourses (Sutta) and doing other religious services. While walking, I had a chance to observe the Shwedagon Pagoda at a close range. I was filled with awe and wonderment at the great height of the pagoda and its excellently artistic works. Its body coated in gold plates was erected on three receding terraces. Its part above the bell-shaped dome was decorated with projected bands, upturned and downturned lotus flowers, banana buds, etc. and tapered towards the spire crowned with a gem-studded sacred umbrella. Its base was encircled by 64 small stupas. Some devotees were pouring water over small seated Buddha images next to the planetary posts near the base of the pagoda. The building on the platform which attracted my attention most was the Rakhine Prayer Hall, a pavilion with a multi-tiered roof. It lies between the southern and western covered stairways.
It was built entirely of wood and richly decorated with elaborate and exquisite floral designs. It is said that it was donated by two Rakhine brokers in 1910. I saw the Buddha Museum next to the entrance to the western-covered stairway. Out of curiosity, I entered it and found the walls and the ceiling depicting some episodes of the Ten Major Jataka Stories. Moreover, many antique Buddhist artefacts like Buddha images, miniature stupas etc made of gold and silver were put on display in the showcases.
Then I weaved my way through the buildings on the platform and noticed some Buddha images and small pagodas standing in the yards behind the rest houses and Tazaungs. Among them were the Shin Saw Pu Buddha images, the Naungdawgyi Pagoda and the Shinmahtee Buddha Image. I also noticed some Nat shrines under the Banyan trees growing at the edges of the top of the pagoda hill. It is thought that the Shin Saw Pu Buddha Image was built by Queen Shin Saw Pu while she was living a peaceful life in a make-shift palace not far from the Shwedagon Pagoda after she had handed over her Hamsavati throne to King Dhammaceti, her son-in-law. Legend has it that the Shinmahtee Buddha Image was built by a monk named ‘Shinmahtee’, who was an alchemist, about 1,000 years ago. The Naungdawgyi Pagoda was built by King Naungdawgyi, a son of King Alaungphaya, during the 18th century AD.
I got into a Tazaung in the northeast corner of the precincts. I found there the historic King Thayawady Bell which was decorated with four-lion figures. It was donated by King Thayawady and it weighs 25,940 visses and 49 ticals or 42 tonnes. It was cast in the year 1204 of the Myanmar Era. Its official name is Mahatisadhaghanta. It measures nine cubits in height, five cubits in diameter at the mouth and 15 cubits in circumference. It contains one hundred lines. This bell inscription is about the eulogy on nine attributes of Lord Buddha, benefits of the life of the monks, birth stories of the Buddha, his donations made at the Shwedagon Pagoda, his aspirations to the Bodhisatta etc.
A little down from the platform, there was a shed in which a three-stone inscription was erected near the entrance to the eastern covered stairway. It was the Shwedagon Stone Inscription inscribed by King Dhammaceti in 1485. It is about the history of the Shwedagon Pagoda: the two merchants brothers Tapussa and Ballikha crossed the ocean, came upon the newly-enlightened Buddha in Majjhimadesa and got eight hair relics. On their return to their native Okkalapa, King Okkala and his mother Meihlamu
had the Shwedagon Pagoda built, enshrining these eight hair relics in the relic chamber.
Then, I walked back to the zayat near the victorious ground where my mother and elder sister were waiting for me. We left pagoda at 11 am. On the way back, we stopped over at a restaurant to celebrate our mother’s birthday. We had lunch merrily there. Then, we returned home straight. To conclude, it was worthwhile to visit the Shwedagon Pagoda. We enjoyed a good time on our mother’s auspicious birthday. Moreover, we could earn the merits and also get historical and archaeological knowledge.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

The national-level sporting event was grandly and ceremoniously held at the national stadium on 9 December, where athletes from different regions of the country are currently participating in various sports competitions. In preparation for the games, athletes from each region have been actively training and preparing in their respective sports. The relevant state and regional governments have been providing systematic support, and organizing necessary facilities and resources.
The opening ceremony was will be held with grandeur at the national level, and athletes, sports organizations, coaches, and experts have been diligently working to ensure the event’s success. The national government has placed great importance on the development of the sports sector, which is evident from the extensive coverage in newspapers, sports programmes, and broadcasts, all showing the government’s commitment to enhancing sports in the country.
The national sports competitions were first held in 1992 in Yangon, and the second event was held in 1994, followed by the third event in 1997, also in Yangon. The fourth national sports competition was held in 2015 in the capital, Nay Pyi Taw. This year, in December 2024, the fifth national-level sporting event is being held again in Nay Pyi Taw, with athletes from various regions and states, as well as representatives from government ministries and departments, participating in the event.
The country’s administrative council has emphasized the importance of promoting the health and well-being of all citizens through sports. To achieve this, the government has been actively encouraging the participation of all people in sports, and there are various sports events organized throughout the country in line with the seasons. Additionally, government ministries, departments, universities, and schools regularly organize sports competitions to promote physical fitness and community engagement.
The national sports competition is not just a simple sporting event, but a highly significant national-level event. It is organized with high quality, systematically, and professionally, ensuring that the athletes’ participation is not only about sportsmanship but also about fulfilling their national duty. These competitions inspire love for the country, patriotism, and unity, fostering a sense of togetherness and collaboration. The sports events contribute to peace and harmony, providing an opportunity for citizens to come together for a common cause, and creating an environment where mutual respect and cooperation thrive, leading to a peaceful and prosperous nation.
In the past, Myanmar’s sports world was recognized across Southeast Asia and the wider Asian region for its remarkable achievements in various sports events. Myanmar’s involvement in the Asian Games and other regional sports competitions led to the country gaining recognition and prestige. Athletes from Myanmar proudly represented their nation, carrying the national flag with honour, and participating in competitions where they showcased great skill and determination. Myanmar’s athletes have earned significant respect for their hard work and achievements, and their dedication is widely remembered. Even as they faced challenges, their efforts in representing Myanmar in international sports competitions have made a lasting impact.
Renowned athletes from Myanmar and ethnic nationalities have excelled on the international stage, particularly in Southeast Asia (SEA Games) and Asian sports competitions, earning prestigious awards and recognition.
Notable names include Mi Tone Naw, Shin Bway Ghan, Gracikar, Khin Khin Htwe, Ma Khin Pu, May Thu, Jennifer Tin Lay, and Khin Than Nwe, known for their achievements in athletics. Bo Aye Ko, a celebrated champion, and swimmer Tin Maung Ni, a medallist in swimming. Than Than Swe, a sharpshooter, and Mya Aye, an expert in bar sports. Football champions such as Bogyi Ba Hadu, Ko Ko Gyi, Hla Kyi, Ba Pu, and Khin Maung Tun. (Many notable names of our athletes are still left.) These athletes, along with many other exceptional sportsmen and sportswomen, have brought pride to Myanmar and showcased the high caliber of Myanmar’s talent in Southeast Asia and Asian sports arenas.
As I was drafting this piece, I came across the news that Ye Htun Naing, representing Myanmar at the 15th World Bodybuilding and Fitness Championship held in the Maldives, achieved an extraordinary feat. Competing in the 75-kilogramme men’s bodybuilding category, he outperformed numerous international competitors to claim the first prize and the world champion title. This remarkable achievement filled me with immense pride and joy. I extend my heartfelt congratulations to Ye Htun Naing.
The State Administration Council Government has continued Myanmar’s tradition of honouring athletes who excel at international competitions by awarding medals of gold, silver, and bronze. Similarly, under previous governments, Myanmar athletes who achieved distinction in international competitions, including the Asian Games and Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, were recognized and celebrated at the national level for their remarkable contributions. These commendations highlight Myanmar’s ongoing commitment to honouring its outstanding athletes, past and present, who have brought glory to the nation through their skill and dedication.
The National-Level Sports Festival, marking its Fifth edition, are currently being held from 9 to 20 December 2024. This grand event brought together ethnic brothers and sisters from various regions and states across the country. Participants gathered in an atmosphere of camaraderie, mutual respect, and warm friendships. With a strong spirit of sportsmanship, the festival is showcasing the skills and abilities of athletes in a wide array of competitive sports, aiming to foster unity and excellence.
The development of sports is a reflection of a nation’s progress and the collective spirit of its people. It not only highlights the ability to excel but also fosters the growth of human resources, contributing to the comprehensive development of a country. Moreover, promoting sports serves to elevate the prestige of the nation and its people on both regional and global stages.
Sports also play a vital role in cultivating patriotism and strengthening national unity. By instilling these values, it contributes to the growth of a strong national spirit. Therefore, the advancement of sports should be prioritized alongside education to shape well-rounded individuals.
From an early age, students must be encouraged to engage actively not only in academics but also in sports. Parents and teachers have a crucial role to play in nurturing this balance, ensuring that young people develop the discipline, teamwork, and resilience that sports can provide. The Fifth National Sports Festival is now underway with great anticipation and success. To ensure active participation and outstanding achievements, athletes from various states and regions across the country are diligently participating in the competition.
As the festival is ongoing, athletes are competing and, showcasing their skills and determination. The grand opening ceremony, planned to be held with national-level prestige and grandeur, marked a significant milestone in Myanmar’s sports history. Organizing committees and various teams are currently working tirelessly, making all necessary arrangements to ensure the event’s smooth execution and ultimate success.
The opening and closing ceremonies of the inaugural National Sports Festival are well-planned with national-level grandeur and splendour. Students, performers, and officials from various departments participated and contributed to these events to ensure a flawless presentation. Similarly, preparations were also made for the hoisting of the national flag, as well as the flags of states and regions, which will take place at the Wunna Theikdi Sports Complex, the primary venue for the event.
Adding a spectacular touch to the opening ceremony, a team responsible for aerial displays used helicopters to deliver the flags into the stadium from the sky. This team also conducted rigorous training sessions to execute the task with precision and excellence.
The successful conclusion of the inaugural National Sports Festival, organized with national-level prestige, promises to leave a lasting legacy. State and regional departments that participated actively, alongside their athletes who achieved remarkable success, have yet to honour these achievements. This includes awarding recognition and opportunities for further development, supporting outstanding athletes, and fostering their continued progress in the sports arena.
This event serves as a stepping stone for athletes who will represent Myanmar in the upcoming 33rd Southeast Asian Games in 2025 and other international competitions. It also provides an excellent platform for identifying and nurturing new generations of athletes from various states and regions, creating pathways for them to thrive on the global stage.
The festival, held at the Wunna Theikdi Sports Complex, showcased a vibrant celebration of sportsmanship, including grand opening and closing ceremonies. Athletes, students, artists, and officials have worked diligently to ensure its success, rehearsing tirelessly to deliver flawless performances. Highlights such as aerial displays with flags hoisted by helicopters added a touch of splendour to the ceremonies.
For sports-loving citizens of Myanmar, this festival is a source of immense pride and excitement. Spectators eagerly anticipate the opportunity to cheer on their favourite athletes and celebrate Myanmar’s sports culture and national unity. The festival stands as a beacon of progress, not only for sports but also for fostering national pride and solidarity.
Through meticulous planning and collective effort, the National Sports Festival promises to be a historic milestone, inspiring generations to pursue excellence and uphold the nation’s honour in the world of sports.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

What is Public- Private Partnership?

          Public-Private Partnership is a contractual agreement between a public agency and a private sector entity. With Public-Private Partnership, the public agency and the private sector entity share assets, skills, risks and rewards and set up one project. Public- Private Partnerships combine the public sector capital and private sector capital to improve public services or the management of public sector assets. Public-Private Partnership contributes more advantages to the government than privatization form due to the fact that PPPs emphasizes the role of the government whereas in privatization form, the whole business needs to be transferred to the private sector. 

Why developing countries need Public-Private Partnership?

Developing countries usually have a budget deficit based upon low tax base, weak tax administration, and poor business environment. With budget deficit shown, adopting PPPs enables the government to be able to afford to deliver good public services. PPPs are being widely used among governments when it comes to procurement processes when public funding is inadequate. PPPs is also a reliable form of investment from the perspective of private investors as it guarantees the long-term delivery of public services. 

The origin of Public-Private Partnership in world countries

          The history of Public-Private Partnership dated back to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when countries focused on developing public infrastructure in the form of joint financing and operation of infrastructure.  In Britain and the United States around eighteenth centuries, over 2500 companies were chartered and incorporated to develop private turnpikes. In France, around the seventeenth century, the government used concessions to finance its infrastructure development, which means its private enterprises and banks are granted to design, construct, finance and operate infrastructures such as railways, roads, electricity and tramways. In the later decades, PPPs are commonly used by most countries as it proves easy procurement and construction method and financing model.

Common types of PPPs

Basic PPPs contract types vary in terms of levels of responsibility and risk to be taken by the private operator so that different countries adopt a particular PPP contract type that meet the local requirements on a country-to country basis. According to Asian Development Bank (ADB), PPPs are commonly used in most countries as follows- 

1. Service Contract

2. Management Contract

3. Lease Contract

4. Concession

5. Build- Operate- Transfer (BOT)

6. Joint Venture

7. Service Contract: This is a model which the government partners with a private entity to perform one or more services for 1 to 3 year limited period. In this model, the government funds capital investment and a private partner performs the service at the agreed cost and in line with the performance standards set by the public sector. The public authority takes operation and management responsibility and commercial risk whereas the risk taken by the private entity is minimal. 

8. Management Contract: In management contract, daily operation and management responsibility is assumed by the private entity with its own working capital whereas the public authority finances capital investment with asset ownership. The contract generally lasts for 2 to 5 years. 

(3) Lease Contract:   In lease contract, the initial establishment of the system is financed by the public authority and contracted to a private company for operation and maintenance. The contract usually lasts for 10 to 15 years. The private sector has to take responsibility for service provision and financial risk for operation. 

(4) Concession: In concession model, the private sector needs to provide all capital investment (assets) and these assets belong to both the public authority and a private company. In this model, the public authority just needs to take the role of regulating the price and quality of service while the private partner takes full responsibility for funding, management, operation and maintenance. 

(5) Build Operate Transfer (BOT):  There may be various forms of BOT-type contracts such as Build-Operate Transfer, Build-Own-Operate, Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build and Design-Build-Finance-Operate.         

(6) Joint Venture: Joint Venture is a model in which the infrastructure is co-owned and operated by the public sector and private partner. In this model, both the public sector and private partner are shareholders so that both parties have to invest in the project and share risks. 

How did PPPs evolve in Myanmar?

          From 1962 to 1988, Myanmar practiced the "Burmese Way to Socialism" under the leadership of the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) as a one-party system and in economy, it practiced centrally planned economy. In 1988, after the Burmese Way to Socialism, in the aftermath of tremendous uprising due to the inflation and demonetization of Myanmar kyats, the State Law and Order Restoration Council took office for the period of 1988-1997. In 1997, the State Law and Order Restoration Council was reformed as State Peace and Development Council from the period of 1997 until 2011. In 1997, State Peace and Development Council announced the transition into a market-oriented economy. With this transition, the government started to pave the way for Public- Private Partnerships and privatization. In 1997, PPPs started in Myanmar to fulfill the infrastructure needs of the country. However, the projects during those days were based upon unsolicited proposal (a proposal made by a private party to undertake a PPP project, submitted at the initiative of the private party, rather than in response to a request from the relevant government agency) under Build-Operate-Transfer form. In 2011, President U Thein Sein government took the state of duties and some reforms were made significantly. In October 2011, 11 private banks were allowed to trade foreign currency. In November 2012, the new Foreign Investment Law (2012) was enacted and special economic zones started in Thilawa and Dhawei. In 2016 and 2017, Myanmar Investment Law (2016) and Myanmar Companies Law (2017) were enacted. In April 2015, to improve the reliability and stability of Myanmar’s power supply and to prevent the power shortage problem, Myingyan Natural Gas Power Project was initiated. This is the first PPP project that was adopted through solicited proposal (solicited bid received from private parties via a competitive tender process for PPP Projects under the purview of an Implementing Government Agency) between Singapore-based Sembcorp Utilities and Ministry of Electricity and Energy. This project is located in Myingyan Township of Mandalay Region and this project was governed by a 22-year Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) agreement and a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA).

          When PPPs are widely used in Myanmar, the government has started using Swiss challenge (a public procurement process designed to encourage private sector initiatives to engage in PPP Projects. Under the Swiss Challenge tender process, if a relevant government agency wishes to proceed with a project that was received as an unsolicited proposal, the agency is required to publish a bid and invite third parties to exceed it) to welcome private sector involvement in the tender processes recently. With regard to Public Private Partnership implementation, the Project Bank Notification was one of the greatest achievements. It was issued on 30th November 2018 by Office of the President after Public Private Partnership Center was established through Notification No. (24 /2021) of Union Minister’s Office of the Ministry of Planning and Finance.  

Public-Private Partnership in Myanmar

          Myanmar government budget is shown as deficit as the country is one of the countries with the lowest tax-to- GDP ratio. As Myanmar's tax to GDP ratio is very low, the government cannot afford to make sufficient investment in infrastructure. Although Myanmar, being a recipient of  Official Development Assistance (ODA), a kind of aid given by developed countries to assist the development of developing countries, the fund from public capital and ODA is insufficient to meet the infrastructure gap. In Myanmar, PPPs has been practiced in the form of Build Operate and Transfer mostly in road, power sectors and some projects in hotels. Some forms of PPPs in Myanmar are categorized as Greenfield projects (any investment in a structure or an area where no previous facilities exist and without constraints imposed by prior works), Brownfield projects (any investment that uses previously constructed facilities that were once in use for other purposes), Production Sharing Contracts and Joint Venture Agreements between ministries/ government organizations and private companies. In Project Bank Directive issued by the government, common types of PPPs which have been practiced in Myanmar are  categorized as Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), Build- Transfer-Lease (BTL), Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO), Operation and Management (O & M) and other forms of PPPs. 

  Legal framework governing Public Private Partnerships

           In Myanmar, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Myanmar Investment Commission and Directorate of Investment and Company Administration are government agencies that regulate PPPs projects. The laws governing Public Private Partnerships before and after the issuance of Project Bank Notification are mentioned as follows-

• Myanmar Companies Law (2017) 

• Myanmar Investment Law (2016) 

• Permanent Residence of a Foreigner Rules (2014)

• Myanmar Special Economic Zones Law (2014)

• Securities and Exchange Law (2013)

• Myanmar Citizens Investment Law (2013)

• Central Bank Law (2013)

• Foreign Investment Rules (2013)

• Foreign Investment Law (2012)

• Law Amending the Commercial Tax Law (2011)

• Private Industrial Enterprises Law (1990)

• Financial Institutions of Myanmar Law (1990)

• State-Owned Economic Enterprises Law (1989)

• Special Company Act (1950)

In Myanmar, apart from these laws, for the commonly used Build Operate Transfer project form, general tendering processes have been widely practiced under Directive No. 1/2017 (Tender Rules), which is widely used as PPP manual in Myanmar. In addition to that, State Administration Council issued the tender notifications (1/2022). In PPP, if the private party is involved in international connection, the project is liable to Myanmar Investment Law (2016) and some restricted business activities are outlined in the notification 15/2017 of the Myanmar Investment Commission.

Public-Private Partnerships in the form of Production Sharing Contract in Myanmar

          Production Sharing Contract is used in Myanmar’s Oil and Gas sector and it is a contract signed between a government entity and private companies. In Myanmar, under Production Sharing Contract, Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise acts a body for the state and invites oil companies as contractors to make financial and technical investment in the oil and gas extraction. According to MOGE data, over 150 oil companies were registered as local partners with MOGE. According to terms and conditions of model production sharing contract set up by MOGE, there are two periods listed as the exploration period (an initial term of up to three years) and development and production period (commenced on notice of commercial discovery and continues for at least twenty years from the date of completion of the development phase) in the oil and gas operation. 

State Administration Council highlighting the role of Public Private Partnership in Special Economic Zones 

Three currently established Special Economic Zones are Thilawa SEZ, Dawei SEZ and Kyauk Phyu SEZ, but this article wants to highlight on two of these. The incumbent government, State Administration Council is attempting to develop Kyauk Phyu Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the form of PPPs for economic development. In Kyauk Phyu Special Economic Zone Project, the China International Trust and Investment Corporation Consortium contributes 70 % and Myanmar side contributes 30 % when implementing the Kyauk Phyu Deep Seaport project. It is a four-phase project building ten jetties where the ships can berth. After this project, the livelihood of people in Rakhine State particularly those in Kyauk Phyu district will become better and Myanmar can directly transport goods to countries in African, South Asian, and Europe. In responding media, Union Minister U Aung Naing Oo and Mr Liang Chuanxin told that “the deep-sea port is a four-phase project containing ten jetties and it can accommodate about seven million 20-foot containers per year once completed. The consortium of this project will be incorporated by both domestically owned private or public companies registered under the Myanmar Companies Law 2017.” What’s more beneficial about the project is that State Administration Council has already planned to prioritize the investment of ethnic businessmen in the consortium. 

Thilawa Special Economic Zone is another successful example of PPPs project in Myanmar which has been carrying out by Myanmar government and Japanese government. Myanmar Japan Thilawa Development Limited has acted as a developer. Myanmar Japan Thilawa Development Limited was formed in January 2014, as a joint venture between MMS Thilawa Development Company, Thilawa SEZ Management Committee, and Myanmar Thilawa SEZ Holdings Public Limited. In Thilawa SEZ, in Zone A, a Residential and Commercial Area was firstly established covering offices, residences, restaurants, hotels, international schools and hospitals and it has begun operation since September 2015 whereas in Zone B, 3 types of land are categorized as industrial land, logistical land, residential or commercial land. 

          To sum up, State Administration Council is currently putting an emphasis on Public –Private Partnership and Small and Medium Enterprises for boosting economy in the aftermath of the Covid-19 implications. The actions of State Administration Council such as developing Special Economic Zones, encouraging SMEs to produce value-added goods to penetrate into export market, providing tax exemptions and incentives in the existing tax laws prove that State Administration Council is making an earnest effort to keep the existing economic infrastructure and projects working. The implementation of Public Private Partnership can pave the way for infrastructure development in Myanmar and the opportunities can be seen under this initiative.                                                                            

References 

• Asian Development Bank’s PPP Handbook
• The establishment of PPP center
• Project Bank Notification 
• Myanmar Companies Law (2017)
• Myanmar Investment Law (2016)
• Ministry of Information’s press release
• Special Economic Zone Law (2014)