STEPPING into the vibrant world of Bassein Arts and Science College (now Pathein University) as a first-year student, I was eager to explore every new opportunity that came my way. From engaging lectures to a wide array of extracurricular activities, college life promised a wealth of experiences. Whether it was learning Japanese, trying my hand at Karate, or picking up a tennis racket for the first time, I was determined to make the most of it all. However, it was rowing that ultimately captured my heart.
This demanding yet rewarding sport quickly became my passion, symbolizing not just physical strength but the endurance of the mind and spirit. Little did I know, however, that unforeseen events would soon bring an abrupt and heartbreaking end to my rowing journey.
Everything in the new environment of Bassein Arts and Science College (now Pathein University) seemed exciting to me. It was my first time stepping into the college as a first-year student, and the atmosphere was full of new experiences. The lectures and practical work were captivating, but it wasn’t just the academics that drew my attention. The extracurricular activities were equally enticing, especially the Japanese language course, Karate training sessions in the evenings, and sports like tennis and rowing.
Some of my friends and I joined the Japanese language classes. These were taught by Saya U Saw Hlaing and Sayama Daw Cherry, both of whom had lived in Japan. The classes started at 4 pm and ended at 5 pm, and while we didn’t complete the course, the reason for dropping out escaped my memory. Perhaps it was the allure of another activity – the Karate training. I remember envying the students in their Karate uniforms, proudly displaying yellow, green, and black belts. Intrigued by their progress, one of my roommates and I decided to join the Karate course. However, we didn’t last long. Our instructor, Ko Myint Sein, a black-belt Karate master and final-year student at the time (later becoming a tutor in the Geography Department), was quite strict and often scolded us. After just a few days, we abandoned the training.
Before coming to college, I had been a badminton player in my hometown during my high school days. At Bassein College, I saw my two roommates, Ko Saw Lwin (from Pyay) and Ko Than Nyunt (from Okpo), both skilled tennis players. They owned tennis rackets and wore smart tennis uniforms as they headed to the court every evening. I was envious once again and thought I could easily pick up tennis since I had experience with badminton. One day, I joined them at the tennis court, eager to show my skills.
However, I quickly realized that playing tennis was not as easy as I had imagined. I could barely serve the ball across the net. To make matters worse, a group of girls from Myintzu Hall, whose windows overlooked the tennis court, laughed at my awkward attempts. That was the end of my tennis adventure.
Soon, my attention turned to the rowing club. Fortunately, Kan Thon Sint Lake, located right in front of the college, made rowing activities very accessible. The rowing club at Rangoon Arts and Science University (RASU) had shared four four-oared boats and other necessary equipment with us. I recall that the head of the rowing club was Saya U Minn Than Thaung, a lecturer from the Physics Department, while other trainers included Saya U Tun Hyke (Geography Department), Saya U Thein Win (Geology Department), Saya U Soe Myint (Botany Department), and Sayar U Thet Oo (Geology Department), who also happened to be our hall tutor.
Before we could get into the boats, we had to do hours of warmup exercises. Instead of rowing on the water, we were trained on fixed rowing machines, where the hours spent were carefully registered.
Only after completing a sufficient number of training hours were we allowed to step into the actual boats. These boats were Western-style four-oared vessels, and the rowing commands were all in English. Though my memory is a bit hazy, I still remember a few of the commands:
“Stand by, Crew!”
“One foot in!”
“In together!”
“Push away!”
“Toucher!”
“Next stroke, Row!”
“Harder!”
In rowing, the “Cox” is the leader who sits at the back, steering the boat and giving commands.
The crew consisted of four rowers, with the “Bow” being the rower farthest from the Cox and the “Stroke” sitting closest. I found the sport captivating, and within a month, I was rowing well. The tutors and trainers, all highly skilled, shared their knowledge generously, and I felt deeply committed to the sport.
The rowing club had a motto written above the entrance to the boat-keeping house: “Row Till You Are Dead.” I found it inspiring, as it symbolized the dedication and perseverance needed to excel in rowing. In this sport, unity is key – each crew member must synchronize their movements perfectly.
If even one rower is out of sync, the boat’s performance suffers, and the whole team can lose in a tournament.
There was a popular saying among university students about rowing: “If you don’t have a girlfriend, join the rowing and hiking clubs.” (မကြည်တောင်တက်၊ မရလှေလှော်) Although it was meant as a joke, I didn’t find any romance during my time at the rowing club, but that didn’t stop me from becoming a dedicated rower. I enjoyed every moment on the water.
Sayar U Min Than Thaung often gave some briefings about rowing to the new trainees. Some were forgotten, but some have been vivid in my mind up to now.
In Western-style boat rowing, the rowers have to follow a set of key disciplines to ensure smooth and efficient movement of the boat.
Some of the essential disciplines include: Unity and Synchronization: The most critical discipline in rowing is for all crew members to row in perfect unison. Each movement must be identical, from the timing of strokes to the power applied, to avoid disrupting the balance and speed of the boat.
Proper Technique: Rowers must maintain proper form and technique. This includes correct posture, grip, and stroke execution to maximize efficiency and minimize injury.
Endurance and Stamina: Rowing is physically demanding, requiring rowers to build their endurance and stamina to sustain high-intensity efforts over long distances without faltering.
Listening to Commands: The crew must strictly follow Cox’s commands. The Cox steers the boat and directs the crew’s actions, and rowers must respond immediately to instructions like “One foot in,” “In together,” “Next stroke Row,” and “Harder.”
Coordination of Power: The rowers need to balance power output, ensuring each stroke is forceful enough to propel the boat but not so uneven that it disrupts the boat’s glide.
Focus and Mental Toughness: Rowing requires sustained concentration, as distractions or loss of focus can break the rhythm.
Rowers must also have mental resilience, especially during long or competitive races. These disciplines combine to create the precision and teamwork required in Western boat rowing, where even a small deviation by one crew member can affect the entire boat’s performance.
However, 1975 brought unexpected misfortune. In that year, a major crisis hit Rangoon Arts and Science University (RASU), forcing all universities and colleges in the country to close.
We were all sent home for what turned out to be a long holiday of several months. When the situation eventually calmed down, the authorities decided to reopen the universities and colleges.
But bad luck struck again, this time in the form of a devastating cyclone. On 7 May 1975, a powerful cyclone with winds reaching 120 miles per hour tore through the Ayeyawady Division. It caused widespread destruction, blowing off roofs and collapsing buildings, including many at our college. The rowing club’s boat-keeping house was utterly destroyed, along with all the boats inside.
That storm marked the end of our beloved rowing club. The boats were gone, and with them, my dreams of rowing till the end.
The motto above the entrance, “Row Till You Are Dead,” still resonated with me, but circumstances had changed everything. I wanted to row for as long as I lived, but life had other plans.
The devastation of the cyclone not only swept away the boats but also took with it a piece of my spirit. The motto “Row Till You Are Dead,” which had once inspired me to push beyond my limits, now felt like a bittersweet memory, a reminder of the dreams that circumstances had taken away. Yet, despite the tragic end to my rowing journey, the lessons I learned – unity, perseverance, and mental toughness – stayed with me. Life, much like rowing, is unpredictable and filled with storms, but the discipline to endure remains. Though I could no longer row on the waters of Kan Thon Sint Lake, the resilience it had instilled in me continued to steer my life’s course. While the boats may be gone, the spirit of rowing lives on in my heart, reminding me that sometimes the journey matters more than the destination.
(This article is written in honour of the Bassein College Rowing Club.)
Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar
ILLEGAL trade can hamper the economic development of the State by reducing manufacturing activity among business owners and diminishing their competitive capability in the market. Preventing illegal trade can boost export volume and enhance the commercial sector by promoting product manufacturing and market competition. Additionally, these initiatives can increase local money circulation, raise export product volume, and generate more foreign exchange. As a result, the country can experience growth in its manufacturing, trade, and service sectors.
Myanmar is rich in natural resources, with a strong focus on the agricultural sector. To boost the state economy, the government has encouraged the manufacturing of natural resource-based products and agricultural goods while also working to promote micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). However, illegal trade activities have had negative impacts on the nation’s socioeconomic sector.
Illegal trade eradication task forces formed in regions and states managed relevant squads, impounding smuggled goods and addressing illegal trade activities worth K300.28 billion across 14,659 cases during the two years and eight months from January 2022 to August 2024. However, this amount was relatively small compared to the State’s overall trade sector. Therefore, authorities and task forces must intensify efforts to take action against those involved in illegal trade activities.
With regard to seizures in July and August 2024, the Customs Department nabbed the most considerable amount and volume of illegal trade process, followed by the task force from Mandalay Region, Sagaing Region and Kahin State in series. The authorities seized unregistered vehicles and illicit commodities in the largest volume, industrial raw materials in the second largest volume and capital goods in the third largest one.
The economic development of a country depends on manufacturing and trade sectors. As such, authorities need to encourage agriculture- and livestock-based businesses. Meanwhile, relevant ministries have to fulfil the basic needs of farmers from the agriculture and livestock breeding sectors as part of implementing the assigned duties.
It is necessary to supply fertilizers, pesticides, quality strains of seeds, agricultural inputs, animal feeds, vaccines, and other needs to farmers on time. On the other hand, relevant authorized bodies need to systematically supervise the trafficking of prohibited goods, taking advantage of priority on legal trade measures. If so, legal trade contributes to local businesspersons and traders on their official process at home and crack down on illegal trade processes.
WHEN I first encountered the term ‘eBook readers’, I assumed that it referred to people, as the word ‘readers’ suggested individuals who read. However, after looking into it, I found that eBook readers are actually inanimate devices, not human beings. Later, when I introduced these devices to my students in the classroom, I discovered many benefits.
However, in the current era, I have faced certain challenges due to parents who are reluctant to give their children smartphones as they feel it is inappropriate. This article is written specifically for those parents.
The Dawn of eBook Readers
As the sun rises in the digital age, the dawn of eBook readers signifies a transformative shift in how we consume literature and information. This revolution, much like the first light of dawn breaking through the night, brings with it new possibilities and unprecedented convenience for readers around the globe.
The advent of eBook readers has fundamentally changed the landscape of reading. Gone are the days when one needed to lug around heavy books or find space on crowded shelves. With eBook readers, entire libraries now fit into sleek, portable devices, offering a new horizon where accessibility and ease go hand in hand.
In a world increasingly concerned with sustainability, the environmental benefits of eBook readers cannot be overstated. Traditional book production involves significant use of natural resources and contributes to deforestation. eBook readers, on the other hand, offer a greener alternative by reducing the need for paper and minimizing the carbon footprint associated with the publishing industry.
eBook readers also enhance the reading experience through customization. Users can adjust font sizes, styles, and screen brightness to suit their preferences, making reading more comfortable and personalized. Features like built-in dictionaries, note-taking capabilities, and hyperlinks enrich the reader’s interaction with the text, creating a dynamic and engaging experience.
eBook readers open up new worlds for those with visual impairments or reading difficulties. Adjustable font sizes, text-to-speech functions, and integrated audiobooks make literature more accessible to a broader audience, fostering an inclusive environment where everyone can enjoy the joys of reading. In our fast-paced world, eBook readers cater to the need for instant gratification. With just a few clicks, users can download new releases, classics, or even niche genres, all without stepping out of their homes.
Additionally, eBooks are often more cost-effective than physical books, with many classic titles available for free or at a fraction of the cost. The dawn of eBook readers marks just the beginning. As technology continues to evolve, we can anticipate even more advancements in the realm of digital reading. From interactive content to augmented reality features, the future holds exciting prospects for how we engage with written works.
The emergence of eBook readers symbolizes a bright new day for literature and information consumption. Just as dawn heralds the start of a new day, eBook readers usher in an era of unprecedented accessibility, environmental sustainability, and personalized reading experiences. Embracing this dawn crack means stepping into a future where the joys of reading are more accessible and engaging than ever before.
The Excellent Benefits of eBook Readers
The digital age has revolutionized countless aspects of our lives, and the way we read books is no exception. eBook readers have emerged as a transformative technology, offering an array of benefits that traditional books cannot match. Here’s why eBook readers are more than just a passing trend. One of the most significant advantages of eBook readers is their portability. Imagine having an entire library at your fingertips, all contained within a sleek, lightweight device. Whether you’re commuting to work, travelling abroad, or simply lounging at home, an eBook reader allows you to carry hundreds, if not thousands, of books without the bulk and weight of physical copies.
eBooks are often more affordable than their printed counterparts. Publishers save on printing, distribution, and storage costs, which translates to lower prices for consumers. Additionally, many classic literature works and public domain books are available for free, making eBook readers a budget-friendly choice for avid readers.
Switching to eBooks has positive environmental implications.
The production of physical books involves significant resource consumption and carbon emissions, from paper production to transportation. By opting for digital books, you’re contributing to the reduction of deforestation and the carbon footprint associated with traditional publishing.
eBook readers come with various built-in features that enhance the reading experience. Integrated dictionaries, note-taking capabilities, and highlighting tools make it easy to interact with the text in meaningful ways. Some devices even offer internet connectivity, allowing for instant access to additional resources and book purchases.
These features are especially useful for students and researchers. For those who love to collect books, space can become an issue. eBook readers eliminate the need for physical storage, freeing up your living space while still satisfying your reading habits. This is particularly advantageous for city dwellers or those with limited space. By the way, I remember the days when my Dad was alive. He was a bookworm, and his hobby was collecting books.
Therefore, there were huge bookshelves in our living room. He was always proud of his own books. If he knew about eBooks like now …
In the digital era, we’ve become accustomed to instant access to information and entertainment. eBook readers cater to this demand by allowing users to download books instantly from online stores and libraries. Gone are the days of waiting for a book to be shipped or finding time to visit a bookstore – your next read is just a click away.
eBooks can incorporate multimedia elements such as audio, video, and interactive graphics, providing a richer and more engaging experience than traditional books. This is especially valuable for educational materials, where interactive content can enhance understanding and retention.
In addition, eBook readers offer a host of excellent benefits, from convenience and customization to environmental sustainability and cost savings. As technology continues to advance, eBook readers will likely become even more integrated into our daily lives, shaping the future of reading for generations to come. So, why not embrace this digital revolution and explore the world of eBooks? Your next great read is waiting.
The Pros and Cons of eBook Readers
In the era of digital technology, eBook readers have carved a niche for themselves among avid readers and casual book lovers alike. While these devices offer numerous advantages, they also come with certain drawbacks. Let’s explore the pros and cons of eBook readers to help you decide if they’re the right choice for you.
Pros of eBook Readers
One of the most significant benefits of eBook readers is their portability. You can carry an entire library with you, whether you’re commuting, travelling, or just lounging at home. The lightweight and compact design makes it easy to store and access hundreds of books without the bulk. eBooks are generally cheaper than physical books. The reduced costs of printing, distribution, and storage mean savings are passed on to the consumer. Additionally, many classic works and public domain books are available for free or at a nominal cost.
eBook readers offer a personalized reading experience. Users can adjust the font size, style, and background colour to suit their preferences. Features like built-in dictionaries and note-taking tools enhance the reading experience, making it more interactive and engaging.
By opting for eBooks, readers contribute to environmental sustainability. The production of physical books involves significant resource consumption and carbon emissions. eBook readers reduce the need for paper and help lower the carbon footprint of the publishing industry.
For those with limited space, eBook readers are a godsend. You no longer need to worry about finding space for your growing book collection. Everything is stored digitally, freeing up physical space in your home.
Cons of eBook Readers
While eBooks may be cheaper, the initial cost of purchasing an eBook reader can be a barrier for some. Devices can range in price, and the investment might not be justified for occasional readers. Prolonged screen time can lead to digital fatigue, including eye strain and headaches. Unlike physical books, eBook readers rely on screens, which may not be comfortable for all readers, especially during extended reading sessions.
While eBook readers have decent battery life, they still require charging. A dead battery at a critical reading moment can be frustrating, whereas physical books never run out of power. With eBooks, the concept of ownership changes. You’re essentially buying a licence to read the book, which means you can’t easily share or lend books as you would with physical copies. Digital rights management (DRM) restrictions can further complicate this aspect.
Many readers cherish the tactile sensation of holding a physical book, the smell of the paper, and the joy of turning pages. eBook readers can’t replicate this sensory experience, which may detract from the overall enjoyment for some book lovers.
In brief, eBook readers offer numerous benefits, including portability, cost savings, and a customizable reading experience. However, they also come with drawbacks, such as digital fatigue and the loss of the sensory experience associated with physical books. Ultimately, the choice between eBooks and traditional books comes down to
personal preference and reading habits. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, so too will our ways of engaging with literature. Embracing both formats may offer the best of both worlds. Regardless of whatever the issue may be, I have been making my students use many eBook readers in my classroom and their homes since the New Normal began in our society.
Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar
MYANMAR is one of the earliest Southeast Asian countries, with the establishment of city-states thousands of years ago, and it is rich in both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The government is currently leading efforts to preserve these cultural elements to ensure their long-term survival for future generations.
As information technology advances, the development of physical structures and the globalization process compel countries worldwide to preserve their national identities and integrity. It is particularly important to sustain and protect intangible cultures. Furthermore, all citizens of Myanmar, regardless of their ethnicities, religions, or languages, share the responsibility of preserving the traditional cultural heritage of all national races.
Myanmar has steadfastly preserved its own culture and fine arts throughout successive eras. However, after losing its independence, the country has faced the influence of foreign cultures. It is widely acknowledged that traditional performing arts in Myanmar are at risk of disappearing due to rapid technological advancements and the proliferation of modern physical structures.
The ongoing performing arts competition aims to foster friendly relations among different national races and support the preservation and promotion of their traditional fine arts. By encouraging a comprehensive understanding of their cultures, the Myanmar Traditional Cultural Performing Arts Competitions play a crucial role in sustaining national cultures and enhancing national integrity.
The new generation of contestants who participated in the Performing Arts Competition in 1993 are now professional artists, coinciding with the competition’s 25th anniversary. It is gratifying for the national cause that these professional artists are now passing on the fine arts legacy to amateur performers from various regions and states.
Myanmar is a Union where the major ethnic groups — Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine, and Shan — live together in harmony, united by a shared national identity. Despite their diversity, the musical instruments of all national races in Myanmar primarily rely on five categories: bronze, string, leather, wind, and percussion instruments.
Since they all share a common heritage in the performing arts, artistes must promote the flourishing of these fine arts across all national races in Myanmar. They should enhance the national spirit among the youth of the new generation. These artists have a responsibility to preserve traditional cultural performing arts against the encroachment of foreign influences, ensuring the sustainable development of traditions and cultures. This effort should draw lessons from past events in cultural heritage, and it must be conducted without discrimination.
We all have a thing that we can’t help doing almost every day. This is nothing but mathematics. We would like to listen to music; this is just mathematics because the rhythmic beats of melody make us pleasant in our hearing, and how many beats offer pleasure to us relies on mathematics, as Dr Khin Maung Win, who is U Khin Maung Latt and Daw Khin Myo Chit’s son, said. Of course, we must number items or calculate costs nearly daily.
These are mathematics only. So, even though we do not like mathematics at all, this subject is impossible to be negligible in one way or another. We can study essential mathematics based on Gagne’s Information. Processing Model of Learning. Now, this model will be explained in the following.
In his book Essentials of Learning for Instruction (1975), Gagne forwarded the theory concerning how humans obtain information during a learning process. According to his learning theory, stimuli from the external environment will activate the nervous system through the human sensory organs. This information will be interpreted in the short-term memory, encoded transit and stored in the long-term memory in conceptual form. When retrieved, it will first enter the response operator, which can decide, control and implement the form of human behaviour that interacts with the environment. According to Gagne, experiences kept in long-term memory are important for humans to facilitate the process of new learning.
Founded on his theory, Gagne later ascertained and suggested the eight phases usually experienced by the human mind during a certain learning process. Those eight phases are motivation, comprehension, storing, retention, recall, generalization, performance, and feedback.
Firstly, signal learning is the most primitive form of learning, and it can be grouped under the classical conditioning theory of learning, as explained by Pavlov. For example, humans learn the signal of smoke as fire and that of lightning as thunder
through experience.
Secondly, stimulus-response learning is related to stimuli that have been planned and stimulated with individuals’ responses in order to produce changes in their behaviour, which can be classified under the operant conditioning suggested by Skinner. For instance, the teacher shows a pyramid object for students to read out `pyramid’.
Thirdly, chain learning refers to various relationships which occur after the process of stimulus-response learning with the aim of upgrading the learning stage to a higher level. For example, one is able to make sentences by relating words such as `Health is a gift of nature’.
Fourthly, verbally associated learning is the primary form of learning a language. One example of this learning is the name of a person with his address, such as `Saw Thae Aung from Thebwet’.
Fifthly, multiple discrimination learning means selecting one response only from various stimuli in learning. One instance of this learning is that after learning the difference in pronouncing the scientific name Amoeba in Biology and the person’s name Moe Moe in Myanmar, it will enable a student to pick one only to pronounce `moe’ in Amoeba.
Sixthly, conceptual learning is referred to as learning in forming concepts with representative symbols based on the same characteristics. For example, birds, chickens, and ducks belong to the bird family, and cats, tigers, and lions are also related to the cat family.
Seventhly, principal learning is the relationship between two or more concepts that have been learned. For instance, `Water flows to a lower level’ is a principle in which water is seen to be able to flow and take space in any lower place.
Eighthly, problem-solving learning is learning through the thinking process by using concepts and principles which have been learnt. For example, the exact height of a pyramid in Egypt can be calculated in accordance with similar triangles, namely by Thales. According to Gagne, the four important categories which must be mastered by students in mathematics are fact, skill, concept and principle. Mathematical facts are the language of mathematics, such as symbols to present numbers (e.g. 0, 1, 2, 3), operation signs (e.g. +, -, ×, ÷), and Greek alphabets (e.g. alpha, beta, theta, phi).
These mathematical facts can learned through memorization, verbal or written practice, and games under stimulus-response learning. Mathematical skills are procedure operation-out accuracy in a reasonable, appropriate time. Examples of such skills include constructing the right angle and drawing circles, which are mastered through practice and games. As such, this type of learning is actually chain learning. Mathematical concepts are abstract ideas derived from concrete examples,
such as definitions given in the form of set and perimeter. Those concepts can be done through understanding definitions or observations of concept-related objects. Hence, this learning is called conceptual learning.
Finally, the mathematical principle is an integration of and relationship between the concepts of mathematics. These concepts can be learned through the process of inquiry-discovery or problem-solving. A student is said to have mastered a certain principle when he can ascertain the concepts contained in the principle, relate these concepts according to a suitable sequence, and apply this principle in some specific situation.
This kind of learning is simply problem-solving, which is considered the most complex level of learning. Bruner’s other theorems of learning mathematics are still left that should be studied, as follows.
Theorem of construction:
The most effective way for a student to master a certain mathematical concept, principle or law is to construct a representation to express this mathematical concept, principle or law, where practical activities should be carried out.
For example, a student might master the commutative law using the discovery method to obtain the law by means of such a few operations as addition and multiplication.
Theorem of notation: Mathematical notations should be introduced according to a student’s cognitive development. For example, in the teaching of algebraic equations, it is better to start with notations such as y= 2x + 3. After mastering this, the equation y = f(x) could be introduced at the upper secondary school level.
Theorem of contrast and variation: The procedure to introduce abstract representation from concrete representation involves contrast and variation operations. Most mathematical concepts will not be meaningful if they cannot be distinguished from other concepts. For example, concepts like curve, radius, and diameter can be more meaningful only if their characteristics can be distinguished. Other than this, every new mathematical concept should be introduced with various types of examples — 3x+ 4x = ?, 3x + ? = 7x, ? + 4x= 7x.
The theorem of relation:
Every mathematical concept, principle and skill ought to relate to other concepts, principles and skills. During the teaching process, a teacher should use existing concepts, principles or skills to form new ones. For example, the operation in multiplication goes well only after that in addition. And the operation of differentiation is inversely related to that of integration.
Some students fear mathematics like a ghost, while others get bored with doing mathematics. Then, they will be in poor mathematics quite undesirably. In fact, students should not do badly in mathematics in one way or the other. What I learned from an article in Mingala Maung Mel Magazine, as far as I can remember, is that someone has to familiarize themself with anything that he is afraid of. Really, we can learn mathematics by doing only. Students who are not interested in mathematics are also given the opportunity to solve mathematical problems with a will.
In actual fact, when students learn mathematical sums, they need to understand mathematical concepts all first but not memorize them by heart. Second, they had better do these sums all by themselves. Lastly, they should frequently do their well-learnt mathematical calculations very repeatedly. If they wish, they can try to find solutions to unseen math problems.
Mathematics is the language of physics, as the old curriculum on Grade 9 Physics stated. That is, mathematics and physics often go hand in hand, and it will not be difficult for a student to become an outstanding one in Physics if he has a good command of math. Clearly, mathematics takes an enormous role not only in physics but also in other fields of study, such as engineering, chemistry, research, medicine, meteorology, hydrology, and even literature. Finally, there is only one thing that I want to say once again. Learn mathematics by doing only!
Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar
HUMAN resources, alongside money, materials, and manpower, are essential for a country’s development. By investing in education, countries aim to cultivate skilled human resources, which are crucial for their growth and progress.
The interim census of 2019 revealed that 18.2 million people over the age of 25 missed out on completing middle school education and lower levels. In response, the government prioritizes projects aimed at enhancing the education sector. Surveys show that only about 20 per cent of students who began kindergarten reach the matriculation level, meaning over 80 per cent of students do not advance beyond primary and middle school education.
In this context, the primary reason for halting education is the need for families to earn income and support family businesses. All citizens must understand the importance of completing at least basic education through middle school rather than settling for minimal literacy.
Currently, the government provides opportunities for students who have completed middle school to pursue further education in agriculture, livestock, and industrial techniques. They can either enter vocational training and join the workforce or continue their education at higher levels. However, if they discontinue their education due to poverty, they risk becoming trapped in a cycle of poverty with limited capacity to improve their situation.
Therefore, it is essential for both children and parents to fully understand the learning opportunities provided by the government for ongoing education. By taking advantage of these opportunities with diligence, perseverance, and hard work, they can improve their socioeconomic status.
Significantly, governments are implementing projects to provide learning opportunities for children aged 10 to 14 who missed out on primary education for various reasons, as well as for those aged 13 to 18 who need alternative middle school education. Students who complete middle school will then have the opportunity to pursue a basic high school education. The success of this alternative education system relies on the thorough understanding and engagement of both students and parents.
The Constitution (2008) states that all citizens shall have a chance to learn in accord with the educational policies adopted by the government. Additionally, the government has implemented compulsory primary education, and all citizens must complete primary school education at a minimum. Since high-quality education is crucial for the State’s development and the democratization of the nation, all citizens need to take advantage of the educational opportunities provided by the government.
Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar
I had already heard about the upcoming census a few months ago, so it wasn’t surprising. However, my son and daughter found it quite unusual. They had never personally experienced a census before. Because the term “census” in Myanmar translates to “Than Gaung”, which implies midnight, they assumed the census officials would come in the evening, knocking on the door to collect data. I had to explain to them that this wasn’t the case.
A day before the census collection, some responsible officials came to distribute a booklet to every household, informing us about the types of questions that would be asked on census day. I refer to it as a booklet because it wasn’t just a single page but several – around twenty pages bound together like a small booklet. After receiving it, I took the time to read through it. I won’t go into detail about the individual pages, but I will outline the main sections.
The booklet contained nine sections:
1. Population information
2. Internal migration
3. Educational background
4. Workforce participation
5. Birth data
6. Disability information
7. International migration
8. Housing data
9. Deaths and maternal mortality
The booklet contained 18 pages in total, and I noticed that the questions were quite numerous. From my estimation, it could take at least 45 minutes to an hour to complete all the questions and fill in the forms for a single household. The officials informed us that they would come back the next day to conduct the census and left after that.
The following day, 4 October, I started expecting the census visitors as early as 8 am. However, no one arrived in the morning. It wasn’t until the afternoon that I saw a bit of activity. Around 3 pm, census officials appeared around our neighbourhood. At that point, we also heard some additional news – some high-ranking officials would visit a few houses on our street and take photos and video footage as part of the process. However, in the end, no high-ranking officials came.
I continued waiting, and at around 10 minutes to 6 pm, a group of six people, including one young woman and five men, arrived at my gate. The men were older, while the young woman appeared to be about 20 years old. She explained that they had come to conduct the census. I invited them into the living room where I had prepared seats and a table, but the young woman declined, saying she would just ask the questions from the doorway.
The young woman held a seven-inch tablet in her hand and began asking the questions. I had my household registration and identity cards ready and answered her questions. The questions were the same ones I had studied in the booklet the day before, but not all of them were asked. It seemed like she was only asking for the essential information. As far as I can recall, the questions included my name and age, my children’s names and ages, their educational qualifications, how many rooms we had in the house, what type of water we used for drinking, and whether we had any family members living abroad. There were far fewer questions than I had expected, but I assumed they only asked what was necessary. One thing that stood out was that the young woman’s tablet seemed to have some kind of software installed, as she typed in my responses and tapped on her tablet six or seven times for each question.
The entire process took only about 10 minutes, and the census collection was complete. One of the men who had accompanied her placed a sticker on the door before they left. After they left, my son and daughter came over and asked a lot of questions, each sharing their thoughts about the experience, as this was something they had never encountered before. I then explained the whole process to them as best as I could to help them understand what had just happened.
Census-taking is a vital practice carried out to understand the demographic composition of a country. In Myanmar, this activity is especially significant, as it helps to track population changes, monitor social development, and provide accurate data for resource distribution. Recently, census officers visited my home to collect important information as part of the nationwide effort. This visit, like many others across the country, is a small but critical step in the larger goal of obtaining a comprehensive snapshot of the population. The data collected during these visits holds great significance for the future of Myanmar, ensuring that accurate statistics guide national decision-making and planning.
Census collection in Myanmar has a long history, dating back to the British colonial period when the first official census was con- ducted in 1872. Over the years, the practice has evolved, reflecting the changing social and political landscape of the country. While the early censuses were primarily aimed at understanding the economic productivity and administrative divisions under colonial rule, today’s census serves much broader purposes. Modern censuses in Myanmar are now conducted with international standards, focusing on aspects such as gender equality, ethnic diversity, and social well-being. This historical progression underscores how far Myanmar has come in utilizing census data to reflect the realities of its population.
During the census, officers collect various types of data that go far beyond simple headcounts. Information such as age, gender, marital status, education level,
occupation, and even household facilities are documented. Each of these data points plays a crucial role in forming a complete picture of the nation’s demographic composition. For example, knowing the number of school-age children can help the government plan for future educational needs, while understanding employment statistics can guide economic development strategies. The accuracy and reliability of this data are essential because they inform the government on issues such as infrastructure development, healthcare provisions, and social welfare programmes.
The data collected through the census has a direct influence on government policies and resource allocation. Once processed, the results help identify where investments in public services are needed most. For example, regions with high population densities may require additional schools, hospitals, or roads, while areas with ageing populations might benefit from more healthcare facilities. Furthermore, census data is critical in addressing social inequalities. By analyzing the information, the government can pinpoint areas where minority communities or underprivileged groups may be underrepresented and implement targeted policies to address these disparities. Ultimately, the census ensures that resources are distributed fairly and effectively, allowing Myanmar to build a more equitable and prosperous future for all its citizens.
The current census collection across Myanmar provides a rare opportunity to engage with the country’s changing demographic landscape. For many, like my children, this is their first encounter with the process. It highlights the generational gap in understanding how such vital information is collected and its broader purpose. The way people interact with census officials, and the expectations they hold, show a mix of curiosity and unfamiliarity, reminding us how important it is to raise public awareness about such activities. This unfamiliarity emphasizes the need for continuous public education on the importance of data collection, transparency, and how it directly benefits their community.
The method of data collection, using technology like tablets, also shows the significant progress Myanmar has made in modernizing its census practices. Moving away from paper forms and embracing digital tools not only speeds up the process but also increases the accuracy of the information collected. While the shift to digital tools was noticeable, it also sparked conversations about privacy and data security
among those unfamiliar with such technology. This balance between modern methods and public trust remains a key issue that needs to be addressed in future census activities.
The experience of participating in a census raises broader questions about national development and the role each citizen plays in shaping the country’s future. Every household, regardless of size or status, contributes to the overall understanding of Myanmar’s social and economic standing. From collecting basic demographic details to more intricate data like international migration and household amenities, the census serves as a mirror reflecting the nation’s progress. It also opens a dialogue about where improvements are needed and how collective data can lead to more effective governance and equitable resource distribution.
As Myanmar continues its nationwide census activities, the importance of such efforts cannot be overstated. The data collected will not only inform immediate governmental decisions but will also shape long-term strategies for sustainable development. By ensuring that all voices are counted, the census provides a critical foundation for addressing the diverse needs of the population, bridging social inequalities, and fostering a more inclusive future. In this way, the census acts as a guiding tool for national progress, reminding us all that every individual contribution helps to paint a more accurate picture of Myanmar’s path forward. After listening to my long explanation, my children smiled at me and revealed their thanks.
Source- www.moi.gov.mm
WORLD Habitat Day, observed on the first Monday of October each year, serves as a reminder that everyone has the power and responsibility to shape the future of urban spaces. The theme for the significant day in 2024, “Engaging youth to create a better urban future,” highlights the critical role young people play in shaping sustainable cities. The global event on 7 October 2024 will be held in Querétaro, Mexico, and will focus on addressing the challenges and opportunities of rapid urbanization by actively involving youth in planning and decision-making processes.
Urbanization is happening at a fast pace, and young people, particularly in regions like Africa and Asia, make up a significant portion of the urban population. Currently, youth in the global South represent over 70 per cent of urban residents. The United Nations projects that by 2050, nearly 70 per cent of the world’s population will live in cities, making inclusive urban planning more urgent than ever. This trend underscores the need for youth involvement in building sustainable, inclusive communities.
The concept of habitat is central to human development. Since prehistoric times, humans have lived in organized societies to protect themselves from dangers and improve their living conditions. Over time, these societies evolved from small villages to towns, cities, and eventually countries. As civilizations advanced, so did their ability to use technology and innovation to shape their environments. Today, society benefits from these advancements, but it is crucial that the younger generation be empowered to continue this development and create sustainable urban futures.
The United Nations recognizes the ongoing challenges in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
particularly in urban areas. Issues such as inequality, lack of resources, and environmental concerns pose significant threats to the growth and resilience of cities. Engaging youth is essential in addressing these obstacles. By involving them in urban planning and leadership roles, cities can harness their energy, creativity, and fresh perspectives to promote more sustainable and equitable urban development.
As such, World Habitat Day 2024 emphasizes the importance of youth engagement in shaping the future of urban spaces. By giving young people a platform to participate in decision-making and planning, cities can move towards more resilient and inclusive futures, benefiting both current and future generations. Empowering youth is not just an option but a necessity for creating a brighter, more sustainable urban future for all.
Introduction
Peace treaties have been essential tools in global diplomacy, marking the end of conflicts and establishing frameworks for reconciliation. Historically, these treaties shaped borders dictated terms of surrender, and laid the groundwork for rebuilding nations. However, the nature of peace treaties has evolved significantly in the 21st Century, reflecting changes in international law, geopolitics, and the complexity of modern warfare. This article explores the evolution of peace treaties in the 21st Century, focusing on the changing actors, mechanisms, and challenges shaping these agreements.
The Historical Framework
Peace treaties in previous centuries often followed similar patterns. For instance, the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years’ War, established the modern concept of state sovereignty, emphasizing the principles of non-interference in internal affairs and the balance of power between European states. Similarly, the Treaty of Versailles (1919) concluded World War I by imposing heavy reparations on Germany, redrawing national borders, and creating the League of Nations in an effort to prevent future global conflicts. The Cold War era added new dimensions, where ideological struggles and superpower rivalry influenced treaties, but the actors were still predominantly nation-states. For example, military pacts like NATO and the Warsaw Pact reflected these rivalries, serving as deterrents while promoting the interests of their respective blocs. Similarly, arms control treaties, such as the SALT agreements, were negotiated under pressure to limit nuclear proliferation amidst fears of mutual destruction.
With the end of the Cold War, peace processes took on new forms, focusing on the integration of former adversaries into international systems, as seen with treaties following the breakup of Yugoslavia, most notably the Dayton Agreement (1995). However, the 21st Century has introduced unique geopolitical dynamics that have altered the way peace treaties are negotiated and implemented.
21st Century Peace Treaties: New Actors and Complexities
The 21st Century introduced new dimensions into the art of peacemaking, primarily due to the rise of non-state actors, globalization, and technological advancements. Unlike previous centuries, where peace treaties typically involved state actors, today’s agreements often need to address insurgent groups, terrorist organizations, and multinational corporations.
For example, the Afghanistan Peace Agreement of 2020 involved negotiations between the United States and the Taliban – an in-surgent group rather than a recognized state government. The complexities of this agreement highlight the challenge of dealing with non-state actors whose motivations are often ideological or extremist in nature. The inclusion of such groups in the peace process is a significant evolution in treaty-making and raises questions about legitimacy, enforcement, and compliance.
Additionally, peace treaties now have to consider global networks. The use of cyber warfare, economic sanctions, and international legal mechanisms can either enforce or undermine peace agreements. These factors add layers of complexity that make treaty enforcement more difficult than in the past.
The Role of International Organizations
Another defining feature of modern peace treaties is the increasing involvement of international organizations like the United Nations and the European Union and regional bodies such as the African Union. The Colombian Peace Agreement of 2016, for instance, which ended a 50-year conflict with the FARC rebels (The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), was brokered with significant international oversight, including the involvement of the UN and neighbouring countries.
These organizations now often act as guarantors or mediators of peace agreements, providing neutral platforms and ensuring that the terms are monitored and adhered to. While this offers a higher chance of stability, it also requires multilateral cooperation, which is challenging to maintain in a geopolitically polarized world.
Geopolitical Influences and Major Powers
The influence of global powers continues to shape the nature of peace treaties. The 21st Century has seen a shift towards a multipolar world, where the dominance of the United States is being contested by rising powers such as China and Russia. This contest often leads to proxy conflicts, where peace agreements become strategic tools in a broader geopolitical struggle.
For example, peace agreements in the Middle East, such as those involving Syria, have been heavily influenced by external powers like Russia, the US, and Iran. These agreements often reflect the interests of these powers rather than the local populations, leading to fragile outcomes that are susceptible to collapse.
The Minsk Agreements (2014-2015), designed to resolve the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, show how peace treaties are often negotiated under the influence of great power politics. Despite being signed, these agreements have largely failed to bring lasting peace, in part due to the competing interests of Russia and Western nations, illustrating the challenges of reaching consensus in a fragmented world order.
The Role of Technology in Modern Peace Agreements
One of the most significant changes to peace treaties in the 21st Century is the role of technology. Cybersecurity, disinformation campaigns, and technological warfare are now central considerations in any peace process. Conflicts no longer take place solely on the battlefield; they unfold in cyberspace, affecting the terms and conditions of modern treaties.
For instance, agreements now frequently contain clauses addressing the misuse of technology, ensuring the prevention of cyber attacks or regulating the use of social media to inflame tensions. The rise of autonomous drones, artificial intelligence in warfare, and cyber sabotage has made peace treaties much more complex, as they now need to cover these technological dimensions alongside traditional military terms.
Future Trends: What Lies Ahead for Peace Treaties?
Looking forward, peace treaties in the 21st Century will likely continue to evolve to meet new global challenges. Climate change, resource scarcity, and migration crises are likely to become focal points of future conflicts, influencing the nature of peace agreements. The South China Sea, for example, is becoming a strategic area of interest due to territorial disputes and natural resources, and future peace agreements may need to include clauses about resource-sharing, navigation rights, and conflict resolution. Moreover, as the world becomes more interconnected, peace processes will increasingly require cooperation across multiple sectors, from civil society to the private sector. Technology companies, for instance, may play a role in ensuring that communication networks are not used to spread disinformation or incite violence during peace negotiations.
Conclusion
The evolution of peace treaties in the 21st Century reflects the complexity of modern conflicts, the changing nature of global power dynamics, and the rise of new actors and technologies. While traditional treaties focus on land, sovereignty, and ceasefires, modern agreements must address a broader range of issues, from ideological insurgencies to cybersecurity. As the world continues to shift towards multipolarity, the success of peace treaties will depend on the ability to adapt to these new challenges, ensuring that peace remains sustainable in an increasingly complex global landscape.
References;
1. C V (2020). The Peace of Westphalia and the Origins of Sovereignty. Journal of International Law and Politics, 52 (1), 123-145.
2. MacMillan, M (2001). Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. New York: Random House.
3. Acharya, A (2001). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. New York: Routledge.
4. Glaser, B S (2019). The South China Sea: A Battleground for International Law and Geopolitical Rivalry. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 34 (2), 1-25.
5. Reuveny, R. (2007). Climate Change and Conflict: The Security Risks of Global Warming. Social Forces, 85 (3), 1169-1194.
6. Zartman, I W (2005). Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar
The 20th China-ASEAN Expo saw record numbers of events, cooperation projects and investments. Nearly 2,000 businesses, up 18.2 per cent from 2022, showcased their products at the expo. High-tech products such as intelligent equipment became a highlight at the expo. Particularly, Brunei’s decision to purchase 30 Chinese-made airplanes, namely C919 and ARJ21, for more than US$2 billion in total became the biggest deal in the expo’s 20-year history.
The bustling scene at the expo illuminates an emerging trend in China’s trade sector in recent months: Even as Chinese exports face a weakening external demand due to a wide range of factors including profound challenges and rising protectionism in advanced economies such as the US and Europe, China’s trade with emerging markets, including ASEAN and countries and regions participating in the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), continues to rise steadily. Meanwhile, high-value, high-quality Chinese products such as new-energy vehicles (NEVs) and construction equipment are becoming new growth spots.
While foreign media outlets have been hyping claims of “falling” Chinese exports or allegations of Made-in-China being “replaced” by other countries and regions, China’s foreign trade remains resilient in the face of external and internal downward pressure, businesses and economists noted. And as exports remain one of the three growth engines of the Chinese economy, high-value, high-quality trade will continue to help stabilize the world’s second-largest economy in the coming months and years, they noted.
Resilience in hardship
At the exhibition halls of the China-ASEAN Expo, vendors from ASEAN showed a palpable sense of confidence and interest in boosting trade with China, as they showcased various products, which were emptied by visitors. While ASEAN exhibitors focused more on agricultural products and small commodities, Chinese exhibitors focused on high-tech products such as NEVs and robots.
“The world is currently facing an economic slowdown… ASEAN member countries are pinning their hopes on China,” Tan Sri Dato’ Low Kian Chuan, President of The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (ACCCIM), told the Global Times on Tuesday on the sidelines of the China-ASEAN Expo. “It can be seen from the trade volume that China-ASEAN trade has surpassed the EU. We need China, and China also needs ASEAN. Bilateral cooperation will definitely deepen.”
In the first eight months of 2023, China’s total imports and exports dropped by 0.1 per cent year-on-year to 27.08 trillion yuan, with exports growing by 0.8 per cent year-on-year to 15.47 trillion yuan, according to data from the General Administration of Customs (GAC). However, there were also plenty of emerging trends that point to the resilience and upgrade of China’s trade sector.
From January to August, China’s imports and exports with 152 countries that are participating in the joint construction of the China-proposed BRI grew by 3.6 per cent yearon-year to 12.62 trillion yuan, accounting for 46.6 per cent of China’s total foreign trade. China’s trade with ASEAN, which remains China’s biggest trading partner, grew by 1.6 per cent year-on-year to 4.11 trillion, accounting for 15.2 per cent of China’s total trade. The fall in China’s overall trade during the period is largely due to declines in exports to the EU, the US and Japan, which all face stubbornly high levels of inflation.
In terms of top export products, demand for Chinese-made mechanical and electrical products remained high, as exports during the first eight months increased 3.6 per cent year-onyear. Exports of cars, including NEVs, skyrocketed by 104.4 per cent year-on-year. China’s car exports have made headlines around the globe, with many foreign media outlets predicting that China is set to overtake Japan as the world’s biggest car exporter in 2023.
A slew of advanced technology exhibits was unveiled at the China-ASEAN Expo. The exhibits cover a wide range of products, spanning aerospace, advanced manufacturing, sustainable development, and digital advanced applicable technologies, offering the audience a glimpse of life in the future. The advanced tech exhibition area covers an area of 3,400 square metres, with a total of 124 exhibitors and 345 exhibiting projects on display.
Gao Lingyun, an expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, said Chinese products still maintain a solid competitive edge even though Chinese exports face challenges such as US’ additional tariffs. Gao noted the challenges will be relatively short-term against the back-drop of the trade competition between China and the US.
“The core factor affecting China’s trade, namely the competitiveness of Chinese products, has not undergone major changes,” Gao told the Global Times, adding that while the role of exports as a major economic engine is decreasing due to the rise of Chinese consumption, China’s foreign trade still has a vast potential for development.
High-quality development
New trends in China’s foreign trade also underscored high-quality development, in which more markets have been explored and more Chinese-made high-tech products are getting increasingly popular around the world, analysts noted, stressing that an increasingly optimized trade structure that focuses on emerging markets and industries is more sustainable in the long run.
Zhou Mi, a senior research fellow with the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, said that one of the biggest highlights of China’s foreign trade is that the trade volume with countries participating in the BRI is rising sharply, which in turn lifts local economic developments and thus demand. In terms of product offerings, China’s exports sector has responded swiftly to demand for the digital economy, green development and other new consumption trends.
“To gauge the global influence of one country’s exports, we still need to see whether it can meet the needs of global economic and industrial upgrading, so the quality of exports needs more attention. China’s exports are still recovering, and this recovery is not only reflected in the quantity,” Zhou told the Global Times. “We cannot just focus on increasing the scale of exports, we also need to improve the quality.”
Amid the rapidly shifting global geo-economic landscape and the domestic industrial upgrade, China has made high-quality development in foreign trade one of its top priorities, and has taken a slew of measures in this regard. In April, the Ministry of Commerce introduced a series of policies to stabilize the scale of foreign trade and improve its structure, including helping automakers establish and improve their international marketing and service systems, and improving foreign trade financing services for medium, small and micro enterprises. These measures have greatly helped boost relevant sectors such as soaring NEV exports.
Another highlight of China’s foreign trade sectors this year is surging exports by private enterprises. In the first eight months, total exports value by private enterprises rose by 6 per cent to 14.33 trillion yuan, accounting for 52.9 per cent of the national total, according to the GAC.
The measures, which also include extensively resuming domestic offline exhibitions, will continue to help enterprises explore more markets. China has held a series of trade fairs this year, including the China-ASEAN Expo and the China International Fair for Trade in Services earlier this month. More are under planning, including the China International Import Expo scheduled later this year in Shanghai, which has become a major event for global trade cooperation that focuses on imports.
“I have confidence in China. I believe that China has the conditions and capabilities. Moreover, China is not just the world’s largest factory. It can make breakthroughs and cope with the current challenges through its own technological innovation,” Low said.
Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar