SMEs in Myanmar

1. In Myanmar, the role of Small and Medium Enterprises is crucial as SMEs comprise approximately 94 percent of all registered enterprises and 52-97% of labor forces. SMEs in Myanmar can be generally classified into five categories-

2. Import substitution in industrialization 

3. Export-oriented SMEs

4. Rural-located SMEs

5. Local and traditional SMEs

6. International subcontracting SMEs 

7. Myanmar is heavily dependent upon imported products even on daily necessities. This heavy dependence on imports can be fixed only with promoting import-substituting SME businesses. Some SMEs in Myanmar are engaged in export, but it is needed to promote more varieties of exported goods. Hence, it is essential to encourage SMEs that produce processed export products, using local raw resources. Some business sectors which have high propensity to export include agricultural processing, food processing, woodworking, metalworking, and the processing of marine products, among others. The registered number of SMEs in line with the list issued by SME development center in 2023 is approximately 46,014. SME registration rates are the highest in Yangon region and Shan State. 

SME Development Law and Policies in Myanmar 

3.       During the time when the State Law and Order Restoration Council was in power, the official law for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) was enacted in the year 1990. Then, the 2011 Private Industrial Law was enacted and gave definitions of SMEs based upon four criteria (i) horsepower used (ii) number of employees (iii) capital investment (iv) annual production. The most recent SME-related law is the SME Development Law (2015), which gives the definitions of SMEs based upon business sectors namely manufacturing, wholesale, retail, service and others. Then, SME development rules was enacted in 2017 and in 2018, the term Small and Medium Enterprises was renamed MSMEs which stands for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises by the Central Committee for Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. 

SMEs’ export 

4.       A great deal of previous literature provide factors enhancing SMEs’ export. Concerning factors enhancing export, there are two widely-used approach listed as resource-based approach and the contingency paradigm. The resource-based approach focuses on the firm’s internal variables whereas the second method focuses on the external aspects. Internal determinants include management qualities such as age, education, innovativeness, foreign exposure and export dedication as well as export marketing techniques such as product, pricing, promotion, distribution, service and networking tactics. The external factors are the characteristics of the foreign market such as legal, political, and economic system, cultural similarities, market dynamics, consumer and competitor behavior and the characteristics of the domestic government, which include government tax rates, government export support, government policies and the domestic business environment. 

5.       Compared to other ASEAN countries, SMEs in Myanmar are less likely to export, reporting that only 4.2 % of medium-sized firms and 0.8 % of small enterprises export directly or indirectly at least 1% of their sales (World Bank’s 
Enterprise Survey, 2014). Export destinations of Myanmar SMEs differ across firm size. Large firms have much more export propensity than SMEs and large firms have the capacity to export to high-income markets such as the EU and US. But, SMEs opt for regional markets such as China, Malaysia and Thailand whose target customers are less-demanding. According to World Bank Enterprise Survey, on the bright side, only 27% of medium-sized firms and 13% of small enterprises in Myanmar use material inputs of foreign origin. In Myanmar, SMEs from 4 states, 7 divisions and Union Territory, Nay Pyi Taw are engaged in export. ASEAN is an important market for Myanmar’ exports and Myanmar SMEs mainly export to China and Japan. Most of the exported products are agricultural products, marine products and wood and wood-related products. Agricultural products mainly include rice, different types of beans, white yam powder, coffee seed and coffee powder, Myanmar Tea, tamarind, jaguar, coconut, groundnut oil, sesame oil, ginger oil, oil palm, rubber, sugar, bees, lemon and honey. Marine products consist of fish, frozen fist stake, shrimps, soft shell crab, squid and lobster. Wood and wood-related products are wood, teak, value-added wood products, rattan products and bamboo place mate. 

Government Export Assistance Programs

6.       In accordance with notification (64/2023), which was issued by Ministry of Planning and Finance, the government provides exemption of commercial tax on 27 kinds of goods listed as different kinds of corn, fresh fish and shrimps, soil bean, milk and dairy products, yogurt, animals and animal products, fertilizer, various kinds of pesticide and weed killer that are used in agriculture, animal, fish and prawn medicines, veterinary preventative medicines, raw and finished materials for animal, fish and prawn feed (not included animal food that used for pets), pure seeds and seedlings of crops, raw materials for cotton, agricultural products, coconut oil, state flag, stationeries, X-ray, absorbent cotton wool, gauze, bandages, hospital sundries to take medicines, surgical mask (once used), cap, surgical glove, masks that used to prevent flu infection, household pharmaceutical and other medicines and traditional medicines, fire engine and hearse, raw materials used in making soap, battery electric vehicles and goods purchased by donated fund. The government offers tax incentives such as offering SMEs exemption from income tax for 3 consecutive years in accordance with Union Taxation Law. The government strives to adjust their tax rates with the enactment of Union Taxation Law each year as a way of rehabilitating economy when the economy slows down. Furthermore, SME loans are offered through different loan programmes. Now, it has been recently announced that Small and Medium businessmen can get loans from 15 private banks as well as state-owned Myanmar Economic Bank (MEB) and Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank (MADB). 

7.       In conclusion, the Central Committee for Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises has been planning MSMEs products’ exhibition to encourage SMEs. I happened to visit one of those exhibitions and witnessed a lot of local SMEs’ products, which are displayed well. I gladly realized most SMEs just made use of local raw material. Some SMEs’ products are not well-recognized in the local market, but these products are value for money. These potential SMEs need some assistance in making their quality products well-recognized in the market. Some SMEs do not have enough capital to make mass production and these quality products disappear in the market sadly. Some of these local products equal other imported products. I believe that if these local products are well-promoted with special support from all responsible government organizations, it would be a great thing.  If SMEs’ requirements and government’s export assistance programs coincide, these products can survive in the domestic market as well as foreign market. 

References

The Global New Light of Myanmar

Myanmar Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Survey (2019)

Myanmar Business Insight Report (2020). Inya Economics.

Factors Affecting Propensity to Export: The Case of Indonesian SMEs. 

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into modern warfare has revolutionized military strategies, introducing unprecedented capabilities while presenting profound legal and ethical challenges. From autonomous drones to AI-driven cyber defense systems, these advancements have outpaced existing international legal frameworks, creating a pressing need to address gaps and ambiguities in laws governing AI in conflict. This article explores the use of AI in military operations, focusing on its application in the Middle East and Ukraine, and examines the challenges it presents under international law.

Evolving Legal Frameworks: Old Principles Meet New Technologies

The rules governing warfare, such as the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, are grounded in principles like proportionality, distinction, and necessity. However, these frameworks were crafted in an era when AI was not a consideration, leaving significant gaps in addressing its unique challenges.

The emergence of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) poses one of the most significant tests for international law. These systems operate with minimal human intervention, blurring lines of accountability and complicating enforcement of principles like distinction and proportionality. AI’s ability to independently analyze vast data sets and execute operations challenges the traditional understanding of state and individual accountability under international humanitarian law (IHL).

Innovations and Implications

AI's military applications are prominently displayed in the Middle East and Ukraine, regions marked by complex and dynamic conflicts.

In the Middle East, autonomous drones and AI-powered targeting systems are central to military operations. For instance, Israel employs cutting-edge AI programs such as "Daddy’s Home," "Gospel," and "Lavender." These systems integrate machine learning to enhance target identification, surveillance, and missile defense, with "Lavender" playing a crucial role in the Iron Dome’s precision defense capabilities. 

"Daddy’s Home"

"Daddy’s Home" is a high-precision targeting system that utilizes advanced machine learning algorithms to assist in identifying and prioritizing military targets. By analyzing vast datasets from multiple intelligence sources, including satellite imagery, drone feeds, and human intelligence, "Daddy’s Home" offers real-time insights to decision-makers. It is designed to minimize civilian casualties and ensure compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). The system is particularly effective in urban warfare settings, where distinguishing between combatants and civilians is critical. However, critics have raised concerns about the system's reliance on data accuracy, as errors in input data could lead to unintended consequences.

"Gospel"

The "Gospel" program focuses on real-time surveillance and intelligence gathering. Using sophisticated AI algorithms, it processes video and sensor data from drones, satellites, and ground-based sensors. "Gospel" excels in pattern recognition, enabling it to detect unusual movements, potential threats, or hidden combatants that may escape human observation. This capability allows military commanders to act on intelligence with speed and precision. However, the autonomy of such systems raises ethical and legal questions, particularly regarding their use in environments where accurate differentiation between civilian and military targets is essential.

"Lavender"

The "Lavender" project integrates AI with Israel's renowned Iron Dome missile defense system, adding an extra layer of predictive analytics to existing capabilities. "Lavender" enhances the system’s ability to evaluate threats by considering multiple factors such as the trajectory, size, and payload of incoming projectiles. This rapid analysis enables the Iron Dome to prioritize which missiles to intercept, ensuring optimal resource use. In addition to missile defense, "Lavender" is applied in offensive operations, leveraging AI to determine the most effective strike points. The speed and accuracy of this system are unparalleled, but it also faces scrutiny for the potential lack of human oversight in critical decisions.

These programs showcase Israel's commitment to leveraging AI for military advantage while adhering to the principles of precision and proportionality as mandated by international law. Nevertheless, they raise broader concerns about transparency, accountability, and the ethical implications of AI-driven warfare.

While these technologies aim to minimize civilian casualties, their autonomous nature raises questions about compliance with IHL principles, especially in distinguishing between combatants and civilians.

Similarly, in Ukraine, AI systems are employed to counter cyber threats, improve surveillance, and enhance missile defense capabilities. Ukraine's innovative use of AI to predict and respond to Russian military strategies showcases its potential for real-time decision-making. However, such systems, if not properly regulated, risk violating IHL’s prohibition of indiscriminate force, particularly when algorithms lack contextual judgment.

Who is Liable?

Determining responsibility for AI-driven military actions is a critical legal and ethical challenge. Under current IHL, states are accountable for their armed forces' conduct. However, when lethal decision-making is delegated to machines, it becomes difficult to attribute blame for unlawful acts, such as targeting errors or civilian casualties.

 The lack of clear accountability mechanisms undermines the very foundation of IHL, necessitating urgent legal reforms. Proposals such as the concept of "meaningful human control" over AWS emphasize the need for human oversight in all AI-driven military actions to ensure ethical and legal compliance.

Bridging the Gap: Proposals for Regulation

To address the challenges posed by AI in warfare, international law must evolve to balance technological innovation with ethical accountability. Possible approaches include:

• Updating Existing Treaties: Expanding the scope of treaties like the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to include specific provisions on AI technologies.

• New Legal Instruments: Crafting treaties that regulate autonomous decision-making, mandate human oversight, and limit the deployment of AWS in sensitive conflict zones.

• Regulation of Private Sector Involvement: Establishing guidelines for private companies developing military AI technologies to ensure compliance with IHL principles.

Efforts by organizations like the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross to address these issues demonstrate global recognition of the urgency of regulating AI in warfare.

A Call for Action

AI’s integration into military operations offers both unparalleled advantages and complex challenges. While its potential to enhance precision and reduce human casualties is undeniable, its autonomous nature raises ethical and legal concerns that current frameworks are ill-equipped to address.

For AI to be used responsibly in warfare, the international community must urgently establish comprehensive legal standards that uphold the principles of accountability, proportionality, and distinction. Only through proactive regulation can the global community ensure that AI serves as a tool for enhancing security rather than exacerbating the horrors of war.

References

1. United Nations. (2018). International Law and the Use of Force. Retrieved from https://www.un.org

2. Schmitt, M. N. (2013). The Regulation of Autonomous Weapons in Armed Conflict. International Law Studies, 89(1), 87-108.

3. Sharkey, N. (2018). The Ethics of Autonomous Weapons Systems. International Review of the Red Cross, 100(909), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383119000325

4. Scharre, P. (2018). Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War. W.W. Norton & Company.

5. Cummings, M. L. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare. Chatham House Report. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org

6. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2019). Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A View from the ICRC. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org

7. Binns, L. (2019). AI in Warfare: The Global Arms Race and Ethical Dilemmas. Journal of Strategic Studies, 42(5), 640-658.

8. Elbit Systems. (2022). Iron Dome and AI-Powered Targeting Systems. Retrieved from https://www.elbitsystems.com

9. Israel Defense Forces (IDF). (2022). Use of AI in Israel's Military Operations. Retrieved from https://www.idf.il

10. United States Department of Defense. (2020). Artificial Intelligence Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov

Beneath the velvet canopy of the night sky, our eyes have long wandered toward the moon—a beacon of mystery, wonder, and eternal longing. Once the muse of poets, dreamers, and lovers, the moon now finds itself at the crossroads of ambition and law. The question looms larger than ever before: who owns this celestial body? Who owns the Moon?

When Neil Armstrong famously declared his “small step” for mankind in 1969, the legal ownership of the lunar surface was likely the last thing on his mind. In an era where the infinite expanses of space beckon us beyond the boundaries of Earth, humankind must grapple not only with the technical feats of space exploration but with the complexities of law and ownership—concepts far more terrestrial in origin. As humanity extends its reach toward the stars, the age-old ideals of sovereignty, power, and property are thrust into the void, demanding that we ask: to whom does the moon truly belong?

The Outer Space Treaty: A Framework for Space Exploration

In the 1960s, during the space race, global leaders came together to create a treaty aimed at regulating the use of space. The result was the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which has since become a fundamental part of international space law. The treaty’s primary goal is to ensure that space remains a peaceful domain for exploration, free from territorial claims by any nation.

The treaty is a significant shift from past practices, as it explicitly prohibits any state from claiming sovereignty over celestial bodies such as the moon. According to Article II, no country may assert territorial control over the moon or other outer space objects. While this provision prevents territorial ownership, it does not address issues related to the extraction and ownership of resources found on the moon or other celestial bodies. This gap in the treaty has become more relevant as interest in space mining grows.

The Potential for Space Mining

The moon is believed to contain valuable resources, including Helium-3, a potential fuel for nuclear fusion, and water ice, which could support long-term space missions. As these resources become more valuable, space mining is gaining attention. The legal question arises: does extracting resources from the moon grant ownership, or does it violate the principle of non-appropriation set forth in the Outer Space Treaty?

In 2015, the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act allowed private companies to claim ownership of resources they extract from celestial bodies. Luxembourg followed with similar legislation to encourage space mining. However, these national laws conflict with the Outer Space Treaty’s prohibition on claiming ownership over celestial bodies, raising legal concerns about their compatibility.

Some view space mining as similar to harvesting resources from international waters, where no one owns the sea but everyone can benefit. Others see it as the beginning of corporate dominance over space, challenging the principle of space as a common resource for all. Legal scholars have not reached a consensus, but the question of who controls lunar resources remains unresolved.

The Moon Agreement: An Attempt at Regulation

In response to the gaps in the Outer Space Treaty, the Moon Agreement was adopted in 1979. This treaty sought to establish that the moon and its resources are the "common heritage of mankind" and called for an international system to regulate the exploitation of these resources. Despite its intentions, the agreement has not gained significant support, with only 18 countries ratifying it and none of the major spacefaring nations participating. As a result, the Moon Agreement has had little impact on shaping space law.

Without a binding international framework, questions remain about who will benefit from the resources of the moon. The silence surrounding the Moon Agreement highlights the need for updated legal frameworks to address the evolving dynamics of space exploration and resource extraction.

Private Industry and Lunar Settlements

As private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin plan lunar missions, the role of the private sector in space exploration becomes more significant. The possibility of establishing lunar colonies raises new legal challenges. Under the Outer Space Treaty, private enterprises face unclear regulations regarding land ownership and governance on the moon.

If a private company establishes a base on the moon, questions arise about whether it can claim ownership of the land and what laws would apply to the colony. As the private sector increasingly participates in space exploration, the need for clear legal guidelines becomes more urgent to avoid conflicts over jurisdiction and property rights in space.

The Need for Updated Legal Frameworks

As humanity moves further into space, it is evident that existing legal structures need to be updated. The Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement, created in the 20th century, are insufficient to address the realities of space exploration today. New international agreements are necessary to regulate the extraction of resources, the governance of lunar settlements, and the overall use of space.

The future of space law will require a balance between the interests of nations, private companies, and the global community. A comprehensive legal framework is needed to ensure that space exploration benefits all of humanity and that space remains a shared domain.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the legal status of the Moon remains one of the most pressing and complex challenges of space law today. While the Outer Space Treaty has laid a foundational framework by preventing territorial claims and emphasizing the peaceful use of space, the evolving ambitions of private enterprises and the growing interest in lunar resource extraction highlight gaps in the current legal structure. The Moon Agreement, though an attempt to address these issues, has failed to gain widespread international support, leaving the future of lunar governance uncertain. As space exploration continues to advance, the need for a comprehensive and universally accepted legal framework becomes more urgent. How humanity chooses to manage and regulate the Moon’s resources will shape the trajectory of space exploration for generations to come, determining whether the Moon remains a shared resource for all or becomes a contested prize for a few. The question of ownership, exploitation, and governance of celestial bodies is no longer theoretical—it is a matter of immediate concern that will require global cooperation, innovation in law, and ethical considerations to ensure that space remains a common frontier for all.

References

1. Treaties and International Agreements

• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty, 1967). Available at UNOOSA website.
• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Moon Agreement, 1979). Available at UNOOSA website.

2. Books

• von der Dunk, Frans G., and Fabio Tronchetti (Eds.). Handbook of Space Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
• Jakhu, Ram S., and Paul Stephen Dempsey. The Global Space Governance: An International Study. Springer, 2017.
• Freeland, Steven. Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice. Ashgate, 2010.

3. Journal Articles

• Tronchetti, Fabio. “The Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: A Move Forward or a Step Back?” Space Policy, vol. 34, no. 2, 2015, pp. 6–10. DOI:10.1016/j.spacepol.2015.08.004.
• Lyall, Francis, and Paul B. Larsen. “Who Owns the Moon? Legal Issues Surrounding Space Resources.” International Law Review, vol. 47, no. 1, 2020, pp. 87–96.
• Markoff, Matthew. “Legality of Space Resource Mining: The Impact of International Law on Commercial Space Ventures.” Journal of Air Law and Commerce, vol. 80, 2015, pp. 139–173.

4. Reports

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA’s Artemis Program Overview. NASA, 2020. Available at NASA Artemis Program.
• European Space Policy Institute (ESPI). Space Resources Utilization: A Legal Perspective. ESPI Report 62, 2017.

5. News Articles and Analysis

• Grush, Loren. “What Laws Currently Exist for Space Mining?” The Verge, April 7, 2020. Available at The Verge.
• Reuters. “Luxembourg Takes the Lead in Space Mining Legislation.” Reuters, 2017. Available at Reuters.

6. Web Resources

• Space Foundation. Space Law Resource Guide. Available at Space Foundation.
• International Institute of Space Law (IISL). Position Paper on the Legal Aspects of Space Resource Utilization. Available at IISL website.

The future will be the child of the past and the present. (George Crumb)

Everyone may have a dream for a better future for himself, for own family, for country and beyond it- for the whole world. However, the future inherits all good and bad legacies from the past and the present. There is no other way but to execute good things right now if we would like to have a better future as we possess only the very present moment.

However, it is so crucial to have sufficient knowledge and intelligence to differentiate between the good and the bad (plus the ugly may be) things. It will depend upon the viewer’s position and lineage. The birds tend to see the world from atop while a worm from the ground. Likewise, in this world of unequal distributions of wealth and power, there exist different perceptions and views on how to build better future of the world. 

I have also my own perspective and opinions on this important issue. The following paragraphs are extracted from my speech to be delivered at the 2nd Minsk International Eurasian Security Conference in Minsk, Belarus from 31 October to 1 November 2024 with kind support of respective officials from MOFA and some parts of the speech are inspired from the idea of my colleague U Khin Maung Zaw from MISIS, Yangon.

“In recent discussions during the Seventy-ninth Session of the UN General Assembly, many leaders of the developing countries around the world elaborated their grave concerns on such a depressing thing as deterioration of global security, unjust and imbalanced world order, diminishing capacity of international institutions including the UN, unruly situations in global trade and finance transactions, sufferings of developing nations and etc.

What they have expressed are not incorrect nor nonsense. “The world is facing multiplying regional conflicts, an accelerating arms race, nuclear proliferation and an ebbing of collective security”, one leader said. It is the UN, the unique world body founded since nearly eighty decades ago, assigned to solve these problems. However, the organization was not observed impressively in the discussions. Another leader alleged that the UN has failed to fulfil its founding mission and has become “a dysfunctional structure”. Not a few leaders lamented that more than 80 percent of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) are off track. Regarding poverty reduction, one third of the world’s poorest 75 countries are worse off today than they were five years ago, while the top 1 percent of people on the planet own 43 percent of all global financial assets.

The principal challenge today is that the powerful group of global elite, on the pretext of amicable rhetoric such as freedom, democracy, human rights, equality and humanitarian assistance, applies its prowess of wealth, political influence, military might, diplomatic dominance, media influences and economic apparatuses as the instruments of hegemony. They have every appliance to do so. They have the UN Security Council’s majority veto power. They have military alliances like NATO, AUKUS and SQUAD. They have Bretton Woods System controlling the whole international monetary and financial system through IMF and World Bank. They have the US Dollar serving as the principal de facto international currency. They have SWIFT mechanism to dictate every bank transaction across the world.

By using these appliances the Global North can maximize their interests while marginalizing the other part of humanity. It is not so strange that while the military, industrial and political complex of the West is quite pleased with global defence expenditure of 2.4 trillion dollars, the richest countries’ Official Development Assistance funding never exceeds one tenth of that amount for 733 million people in extreme poverty.

However, the order is profoundly changing nowadays. Emerging powers are entering the international political stage as new actors in collaboration with Global South countries to counterweight the balance of power against the incumbent supreme powers in geopolitical and geo-economic architectures. For example- the BRICS group, founded by five emerging economies in 2009, has surpassed the G7 in total GDP in term of PPP since 2018 and by 2024, the difference had increased even further, the BRICS now holding a total 35 percent of the world's GDP compared to 30 percent held by the G7 countries. Many countries across the planet are in ardent enthusiasm to join the bloc as a beacon of hope. It seems quite apparent that imminent power rivalry between the group of old power and the new ones leading into the probable scenario of Thucydides Trap in a collective way. We could dub it a confrontation between the Global South Vs. the Global North as traditional notion of the “Us Vs. Them” mentality always mentions.

Again, the other interesting phenomenon is that while the Global North as an organized group possesses some significant common features, unified institutions and common interests, the other side still has diverse grounds of history, cultures, geopolitical positions, political systems, socio-economic situations and security interests. In the light of this, it is inevitable that the Global South themselves must explore the correct and effective way to establish unity in diversity among them. What-so-ever we have had diverse factors, the common interest and unified goal of us are clear that we the Global South must prevail in developing our countries and keeping our people safe in our own ways in accordance with our own policies and determination. 

Nevertheless, the paradigm shift and transition to a new global order would not be smooth and easy as the old powers certainly will be striving utmost to maintain their dominance of the whole international community. According to Alexander Dugin, the author of the Fourth Political Theory, there are three different ways of the incumbent superpower to sustain its global influence: Creation of an American Empire with developed in the core area and fragmented periphery in chaos (the neoconservative idea of Republicans), Creation of a multilateral unipolarity where the USA would cooperate with other friendly powers and putting pressure on ‘rogue states’, or preventing other powers from achieving regional independence and hegemony (liberal idea of Democrats), and Promotion of accelerated globalisation with the creation of a world government and swift de-sovereignisation of nation-states in favour of the creation of a ‘United States’ of the world ruled by the global elite on legal terms (progressive liberal idea of George Soros) . All these three ideas seem to be rooted in the strong conviction of Pax Americana centralism and Us Vs. Them mentality.

Literally and categorically, the whole world has been still in the hand of the global power elite whether we like it or not. In order to deter and overcome this colossal menace, the Global South must have an overwhelming power in all sectors of international arena. It is obvious that we need more comprehensive and efficient efforts to achieve our goal. Yes, we do have BRICS. We also have regional organizations like CIS, CSTO, SCO, ASEAN, SAARC, BIMSTEC, AU, etc. Regarding economic development and financial institutions, we have EAEU, BRI, AIIB for BRI, NDB For BRICS and so on. Certainly, the primary goal of these organizations is to foster unity of mankind and pursue equality, prosperity, positive peace and harmony through the development of various initiatives within the realms of political stability, security, socio-economic development and livelihood of peoples. Yet, we have to admit that we need further more endevours for synchronization and consolidation of our efforts to acquire sufficient synergy the paradigm shift we have desired. 

To achieve this goal, we need to discuss to establish appropriate principles and comprehensive guidelines for further deepening of mutual understanding and cooperation among the Global South nations.  Even though some cry aloud about the inevitable potential of decoupling of the world, I do not think it is the real solution of mounting problems of the world.

It may be the best way to modify the existing international institutions into a more suitable for developing nations as much as we can, while creating new ones for the betterment of the whole mankind. 

Core values and aspirations of the United Nations Charter regarding peace and security must be preserved to prevent conflicts around the world while unacceptable behaviors of powerful nations such as- abuse of power, selfishness, hegemonic tendency, discrimination, unwillingness for cooperation- must be rejected and contained in the international systems. 

With regard to the world peace and security, nations of the South should pursue the soft-power of positive peace including dialogues and peaceful settlement of disputes noticing negative security measures of intervention and deterrence policies usually applied by big powers only create insecurity and instability, instead of peace and security. Regional military alliances or security organizations of certain blocs usually create power rivalry, mutual mistrust, various forms of arms races and they would not reduce security risks rather enhance as we have had many bitter lessons learnt during the Cold War.

Hence, effective conduct of diplomacy in bilateral, regional and international contexts, sincere cooperation among nations for common interests, and renunciation of interventionist and deterrence policies and practices are the most appropriate measures to prevent war and conflict and achieve peace and security. 

In this regard, I am very much delighted to point out that Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence which were jointly initiated by China, India and Myanmar and adopted by developing countries 70 years ago have been instrumental in supporting the efforts of developing countries, including Myanmar, for maintaining international peace and security. These time-tested principles encompass respecting one another’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, refraining from aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, promoting equality and mutual benefit, and fostering peaceful coexistence. Myanmar has been upholding these five principles as integral part of our foreign policy. I would like to propose that these principles of peaceful coexistence should be the core norms and values of international relations of all developing countries to reinvigorate diplomacy of peace rather than military deterrence.

And as the representative of Myanmar, a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement which had been much influential in the early Cold War era, I would like to suggest that the Group of 77 comprising 134 developing countries should be further strengthen and closely collaborated with BRICS’ activities in South-South cooperation to check the challenges of global power transition. I am sincerely convinced that with the leadership of the BRICS combined with the collective power of the coalition of developing countries, it would create an existential power to make the paradigm shift.

Regarding global polarity of the future, my opinion is that there may be two separate parts due to the directions of relations. To face the challenges from existing dominant power of the Global North, a unified stance of all Global South nations would be essential to some extent a bi-polarity between competing powers. For the realistic existence in the whole international community, multi-polarity would be the most suitable model for both emerging powers and developing countries as they need peaceful co-existence, pursuance of self-determination and right to choose their own ways of national developments.

In the light of these circumstances, adopting the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence as the core principles, I would like to recommend some common and collective stances to be taken by the Global South nations for the betterment of our shared destiny;

1.       To safeguard Sovereignty, Self-determination and Freedom of choice on own path of national policy and development,

2.       To resist any forms of interventions, coercion and illegal influence of out powers and preserve the status of equality among nations large or small,

3.       To resist collectively any form of security threats and military interventions with inappropriate intentions by powerful nations individually or grouping as the blocs against the weaker states and to support the targeted countries,

4.       To organize unified diplomatic efforts in protecting the common interests of developing countries in the international arena,

5.       To reject any means of economic, monetary and financial activities applying as the instruments of foreign policy to insert pressures on the targeted nations and to establish collective systems, mechanisms and institutions to protect against them and to maintain economic independence and free trade,

6.       To promote social connectivity such as public diplomacy, trade, business and commercial relations, academic and cultural exchanges, and media interactions among developing countries,

7.       To enhance the unity and fraternity among developing countries and to be vigilant against wedging tactics of “Divide and Conquer”,

8.        To develop capacity of human resource in developing countries in order to keep abreast of modern technologies.

As for Myanmar, we are steadfast in abiding by the principles of the United Nations Charter, which aims to maintain international peace and security and cultivate respectful relations between nations. 

Regarding regional and multilateral cooperation, it is a matter of profound satisfaction that Myanmar and Belarus enjoy close cooperation in regional and international frameworks.

Myanmar has received the Dialogue Partner Status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) with the support of the friendly countries in May 2023. I would like to this opportunity to reiterate Myanmar’s strong commitment to actively participate in SCO activities to achieve greater progress in SCO development.

Myanmar is also eager to pursue a free trade zone agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). Myanmar highly values the principled position and consistent support of Belarus and other friendly states in the region and look forward to continuing our cooperation in the regional and multilateral arena.

When it comes to ASEAN, we have been closely in cooperation with ASEAN to implement ASEAN\s Five-Point consensus in line with our Five-Point Roadmap. For us, we are determined to promulgate the provisions and fundamental principles of the ASEAN Charter, especially non-interference in the internal affairs of the member states. 

Myanmar underscores the significance of resolving armed conflicts through preventive measures, protection, dialogue, and collaboration between states. We emphasize the need for a global security framework anchored in multilateralism and our unwavering commitment to peace, security, and stability in the region and on the international stage.

I firmly believe that through our collective efforts, we will make meaningful contribution to regional peace, security, and prosperity, while encouraging the diverse Eurasian community to unite for a future characterized by tranquility and economic well-being.”

I sincerely hope that my ideas will contribute for those who are interested in this issue as a food for thought.

LIFE in a small town is undeniably different from life in a big city, isn’t it? It was around 1994. I was living in a small town and had a brief two-day trip to Yangon. In that small town, I was an English teacher, though not an especially well-known one.

The reason for my visit to Yangon was to meet an English teacher there. His name was U Thein Naing, a respected teacher who was likely about three or four years older than I was. He was also the teacher of my younger siblings who lived in Yangon. I wanted to meet him to explore the possibility of connecting with his network and perhaps arranging some small study circles in Yangon.

After arriving in Yangon, I called U Thein Naing to arrange a meeting. He mentioned that he couldn’t invite me to his house today and suggested instead that I come to the place where he was teaching – at No ( … ) on Kili Road, third floor, at around 2:30 in the afternoon. So, shortly before two, I took a bus from Kyimyindine to Kili Road and found the building he had mentioned. I went up to the third floor, knocked on the door, and a man who seemed to be the host opened it. When I told him I was there to meet U Thein Naing, he welcomed me warmly and led me to the living room. About ten to fifteen minutes later, a group of seven or eight children came out. They were wearing simple clothes — loose shirts and shorts, likely due to the summer heat — and each held some small books.

It seemed they weren’t students who had come from afar but rather children from nearby houses. Like a teacher, I leaned forward to take a closer look at the books the children were holding.

Hmm … it wasn’t a book I recognized. It was definitely not a school textbook. Since I already knew that U Thein Naing taught English, I felt a sudden curiosity about what he was teaching these kids.

Just then, U Thein Naing came out, and we both started walking down the stairs. Before we even reached the bottom, I couldn’t hold back my question any longer. “What do you teach, Saya?” I asked right away. “English,” he replied with a smile. “What kind of English?” I followed up quickly.

He seemed to understand what I was getting at. Reaching into his shoulder bag, he took out a book and showed it to me. “This book,” he said, holding it out in front of me. The moment I saw it, I understood immediately. It was clear why the children from my rural area would never quite catch up with the children in Yangon when it came to English.

Once we reached the ground floor, U Thein Naing continued, “Kids in Yangon often have three English teachers. The first one is the school teacher, who teaches them from the prescribed textbooks. The second one is the tutor outside of school who helps them go over the same textbooks.

And then, there’s a third one — the one like me — who teaches them using international curricula tailored to their age.” I understood. The school syllabus alone wasn’t enough, so they were incorporating international programs alongside it. I began to wonder just how long Yangon had been evolving with this kind of comprehensive English learning system. Meanwhile, U Thein Naing didn’t add anything more, and I found myself lost in thought.

When I returned to my small hometown, I kept thinking about the English teaching system I had experienced in Yangon. I wondered how I could bring something similar to life here. It was early May — summer break — and my tutoring classes were also on hold. Unlike in Yangon, where students continue attending extra courses during the summer, students here only come back for registration when school reopens.

The idea of teaching a syllabus outside of the prescribed schoolbooks was unheard of for both students and parents in my town. However, I was determined not to give up. I decided to start with whatever was possible. Since schools were closed and I didn’t have any students, I turned to one of my nieces, who had just finished her matriculation examination.

I gathered her and a few of her friends, offering to teach them from my Grammar in Use (Intermediate level) for free.

Honestly, I wasn’t sure if this book level was suitable for these students. All I had was this Grammar in Use book and the motivation to teach, so I just started with what I had. Along with my niece, I gathered six female students and began teaching them. Surprisingly, they seemed genuinely interested. The class lasted a little over a month, and they were enthusiastic throughout. Eventually, the school reopened, and other students returned to their regular classes with the prescribed textbooks, so I had to stop the free lessons. What I’ve shared here is a glimpse of how we began introducing international English curricula in our small town.

Thirty years have now passed, and it’s 2024. My small class has grown to about forty regular students, and during the summer break, there are often over sixty attending. None of the parents who bring their children here request that I teach them from the standard textbooks. I accept students who are at least seven years old, so I teach various levels, from Grade 2 up to students who have just completed Grade 12.

Over these thirty years, both parents and the community have come to understand the value of English. Now, people truly recognize its importance. My little class, which I once offered for free, has grown, and there are now three similar classes in this small town alone. While I don’t oppose the government’s textbooks — they still have value and are taught in many tuition centres – there’s also an apparent demand for broader learning. There are even three private schools in this small town now, not counting the others. I think anyone looking at the town’s progress in education over the years would see how much the community’s mindset and priorities have evolved.

In Myanmar, the motivation to learn English has a long history and many reasons behind it. English was introduced during the colonial period and has remained an essential language in the country’s education system.

In recent years, globalization has made English even more important. One key reason is the economic opportunities that come with knowing English. Many multinational companies operate in Myanmar, and fluency in English can lead to better job prospects and higher salaries. In major cities like Yangon, businesses often require employees who can communicate well in English because it is the primary language of international trade and industry.

Additionally, the academic environment has increased the emphasis on learning English. Higher education institutions in Myanmar often use English as the language of instruction, especially in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Students who want to study abroad or at international universities within Myanmar need to have strong English skills, as demonstrated through exams like IELTS or TOEFL.

The role of technology and the internet is also significant. Access to global knowledge and resources is mostly available in English. Students and professionals in Myanmar use the internet to access online courses, research papers, and international publications, all of which require a good command of English.

Another important factor is cultural exchange and the desire for global connectivity. English acts as a bridge that connects Myanmar to the world and facilitates interactions with people from different cultures and backgrounds. This international perspective is particularly appealing to the younger generation, who are eager to explore beyond their borders.

The dedication to learning English also comes from a societal aspiration for progress and development. As Myanmar continues to grow and integrate into the global community, English proficiency is seen as a stepping stone to achieving modernity and advancement.

Parents understand this and invest in their children’s English education to provide them with the necessary skills for the future. In rural areas, where access to quality education and resources can be limited, community efforts and individual initiatives play a significant role. Teachers like me and others bridge the gap by introducing innovative methods and international curricula, ensuring that students in small towns have the same opportunities as those in urban areas.

Despite the enthusiasm for learning English, several challenges remain. Limited resources, especially in rural areas, can hinder the learning process. There is a shortage of trained English teachers and up-to-date materials. However, community-driven efforts and initiatives by local educators have shown promising results in overcoming these barriers.

The government’s role in supporting English education is also crucial. Policies that encourage English learning, provide resources, and train teachers can significantly enhance the quality of education. Collaboration with international organizations and educational institutions can further support these efforts.

In brief, the motivation to learn English in Myanmar is fueled by economic aspirations, academic requirements, technological advancements, cultural exchanges, and societal progress. The journey of diligent study is marked by dedication, innovation, and a collective effort to bridge gaps and create opportunities. As Myanmar continues to develop, English proficiency will remain a vital component of its educational and societal landscape. By addressing challenges and leveraging opportunities, the country can ensure that its citizens are well equipped to thrive in a globalized world.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

The highly consequential meeting between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Kazan on the side lines of the BRICS summit is opening exciting new opportunities. The ripple effects of this key interaction between strong leaders of the two civilizational states will naturally be felt on the bilateral terrain. Apart from promising stability along their disputed border, the benefits of the Kazan conversation go far beyond security. For instance, the dialogue between the two tall leaders has opened the door to a new phase of geo-economic engagement between New Delhi and Beijing. Chinese investments in In dia and Indian exports to China in the services sector, especially Information Technology and pharmaceutical and agri-sectors can be the new template for en gagement in the post-Kazan era. After the 2014 summit between Prime Minister Modi and President Xi in India, Beijing pledged a US$20 billion investment pack age in India. That included setting up an industrial park for manufacturing electrical equipment. If everything had gone according to plan, this equipment would have been exported to China, thus easing the adverse balance of payments, which India has chronically faced in its trade relations with China. Following Kazan, if the bilateral economic track takes off, it can encourage the two, to consider joint partnerships in third countries, especially in the Global South under the India-China+ formula. In the future, this formulation could mutate into a Russia-India-China+ idea where the three giants of the multipolar world can work together in the Global South. As the dust settles on the Modi-Xi talks — an event that took place after a gap of five years during which military tensions soared along the high mountain ranges of eastern Ladakh, it is now possible that both Beijing and New Delhi pick up the threads and explore possibilities of joint forays in Myanmar — a key nation on the cusp of South and Southeast Asia.

Why Myanmar?

There are at least four compelling reasons why India needs to reengage with Myanmar. First, Myanmar’s geography makes it a natural candidate for a deeper partnership. Myanmar is India’s gateway to Southeast Asia — indeed the pivot of New Delhi’s Act East policy. It presents a contiguous corridor for greater connectivity between Northeast India and ASEAN. Unsurprisingly, Myanmar is the fulcrum of the Asian Highway that will link India with Thailand, opening the possibility of a northern hookup with Danang in Vietnam. Trade and investments along the corridor can become a new engine for creating jobs, prosperity, and a surge in people-to-people connectivity. Second, Myanmar possesses a unique geo-strategic maritime location, along the Bay of Bengal. India has been Myanmar’s partner in building the Sittway Port. An outlet with huge potential, it is the natural gateway to channel trade from India’s northeast axis with the rest of the world, including ASEAN. On its part, China has constructed the deep-sea port in Kyaukpyu co-located with an industrial park. This port is of prime strategic importance as it lowers China’s trade dependence on the US-dominated Malacca straits, a key chokepoint that can be leveraged for the containment of China. Third, Myanmar possesses huge natural resources. These include significant deposits of precious and semiprecious stones, including rubies, sapphires, jade, and other gem stones. It also has deposits of silver, lead, zinc, gold, tin, tungsten, and barite. Besides, My anmar has substantial reserves of petroleum and natural gas, apart from huge hydropower potential, which can make it energy surplus. Myanmar can also be a major player in guaranteeing regional food security as its fertile land supports the cultivation of various crops, including rice, pulses, and other agricultural products, complementing marine resources such as fisheries. The country’s forests are also a major source of timber, fuel wood, and other forest products. Finally, as a neighbour of the two giants of the multipolar world order, Myanmar is a vital bridge between India and China, spurring the demand for a new regional initiative. Consequently, as a follow-up to the Kazan conversation between Prime Minister Modi and President Xi, a new China-India-Myanmar (CIM) economic corridor can be trilaterally considered a derivative of the BCIM plan. More so, such a standalone project can be kept out of the BRI framework, as its roots can be traced to the pre-BRI era. China has already flagged off the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor, which can be rebooted as a new project, with nodes firmly extending into India. (Atul Aneja is a strategic analyst based in New Delhi, India.)

Source: Global New Light of Myanmar

IN the early days of diplomacy, nations forged their relationships through formal letters, emissaries, and discreet negotiations conducted behind closed doors. Today, however, the landscape has dramatically shifted. World leaders now convey diplomatic messages with the simplicity of a tweet, and global policy discussions unfold in real-time across social media platforms. The internet has ushered in a new era of diplomacy – often referred to as ‘Twitter diplomacy’ or ‘digital diplomacy’ – which is revolutionizing how countries interact with one another and connect with their citizens.

The Power of Twitter Diplomacy 

Consider a single tweet: 280 characters sent from a smartphone can now influence millions of people around the world in seconds. No leader has demonstrated this more dramatically than former US President Donald Trump, who used Twitter not just as a platform to communicate domestic policies but as a tool for global diplomacy.

From directly addressing North Korean leader Kim Jong Un to announcing US foreign policy decisions, Trump showed how a tweet could bypass traditional diplomatic channels, instantly shaping international discussions.

But it’s not just the US that has embraced digital diplomacy. Around the globe, leaders like Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi have harnessed the power of social media to connect directly with citizens and international audiences. In 2023, during the G20 Summit held in New Delhi, Modi utilized platforms like Twitter (X) and Instagram to promote India’s presidency of the G20, share key initiatives, and highlight the importance of global cooperation on issues like climate change and sustainable development. His active engagement on social media allowed him to shape narratives around India’s leadership role in addressing global challenges while fostering dialogue and collaboration among member countries.

Public Diplomacy and Crisis Management

One of the key strengths of digital diplomacy is its ability to reach not only foreign governments but also global citizens. Public diplomacy – winning the hearts and minds of people in other countries – has taken on new meaning in the digital age. Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are now crucial tools for embassies and government officials to promote cultural diplomacy and create positive narratives about their nations.

For instance, South Africa’s Department of International Relations and Cooperation actively uses social media to promote its cultural diversity and initiatives, engaging with global audiences through posts that highlight its rich heritage, traditional music, and significant events like the annual Nelson Mandela Day celebrations. In contrast, China utilizes platforms like Weibo to promote its Belt and Road Initiative, sharing stories of infrastructure projects and cultural exchanges. Meanwhile, Bhutan leverages social media to highlight its unique approach to Gross National Happiness, sharing insights into its cultural values and sustainable development efforts, fostering goodwill and understanding through shared cultural experiences.

In times of crisis, social media can also serve as an essential tool for diplomatic communication. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization and various government officials used platforms like Twitter to coordinate international responses and provide timely updates on health guidelines. Similarly, in the aftermath of natural disasters or terrorist attacks, social media allows governments to disseminate information, request aid, or offer assistance quickly.

The Hazards and Hurdles

Nevertheless, for all its advantages, social media also introduces significant risks to the world of diplomacy. One of the most pressing concerns is the spread of misinformation and disinformation. Fake news can inflame conflicts, deepen misunderstandings, and even destabilize governments. A significant example occurred during the conflict between Israel and Hamas in 2021 when misinformation circulated on social media about the events leading to the violence.

False narratives and misleading images were shared widely, inflaming tensions and polarizing opinions internationally. This misinformation complicated diplomatic efforts by various countries seeking to mediate the conflict, illustrating how social media can quickly escalate diplomatic crises and hinder constructive dialogue in sensitive geopolitical situations.

Another challenge is the informal and often unpredictable nature of digital diplomacy. Traditional diplomacy is built on careful negotiation and tact, but social media allows for impulsive, unfiltered statements that can escalate tensions. A single tweet can lead to diplomatic fallout if misinterpreted or seen as inflammatory. In an era where world leaders have instant access to millions of followers, a moment of poor judgment can have far-reaching consequences.

Shaping Global Opinions and Soft Power

While challenges persist, the capacity of social media to influence international relations is profound. For instance, during the negotiations surrounding the Iran nuclear deal (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) in 2015, social media became a battleground for narratives. Key diplomats, including US Secretary of State John Kerry, utilized platforms like Twitter to provide real-time updates and to counter misinformation about the negotiations. This online engagement allowed for greater transparency and helped to rally support from both domestic and international audiences. Furthermore, after the deal was reached, social media was instrumental in disseminating messages of hope and collaboration, as well as in addressing concerns from sceptics in various countries. This example highlights how social media can serve as a vital tool in diplomacy, shaping perceptions and facilitating dialogue during critical negotiations.

The Next Chapter of Diplomacy in a Digital Era As social media continues to evolve, so too will the nature of diplomacy. Future diplomats will need to master not just the art of negotiation but the skill of digital communication. Social media platforms will increasingly become critical arenas for public diplomacy, crisis management, and even negotiations.

On the other hand, the world must also consider the need for international laws and diplomatic protocols to keep up with the pace of digital change. What measures can be taken to ensure world leaders’ responsible online communication? How can the spread of misinformation be controlled without infringing on free speech? As digital diplomacy becomes more entrenched in global politics, these are questions that will need answers.

Conclusion

Diplomacy in the digital age is fast, direct, and powerful. Social media has transformed global politics, creating new opportunities for engagement and new risks. Leaders now have the power to shape international relations with the click of a button, and the world is watching. In this rapidly changing landscape, diplomacy will need to adapt, ensuring that even in the digital age, dialogue and cooperation remain at the heart of international relations.

Refs:

• Cohen, E (2019). Digital Diplomacy: The Impact of Social Media on International Relations. Routledge.

• Bachmann, A, & Weber, R (2018). “The Role of Social Media in Shaping International Relations.” International Studies Quarterly, 62 (2), 283-295.

• Gilboa, E (2019). “The Impact of Social Media on Diplomacy: From Information to Action.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14 (2), 178-201.

• Peters, M (2020). “Navigating Digital Diplomacy: Opportunities and Challenges.” Foreign Affairs, 99 (3), 56-64.

• Kampf, R, & Lentz, B (2021). “Digital Diplomacy and the Role of Social Media in Global Governance.” Global Policy, 12 (1), 55-63.

• Krook, M L, & Restrepo, M (2020). “Digital Politics: New Media, New Power in Global Governance.” International Studies Review, 22 (4), 870-895.

• Miskimmon, A, O’Loughlin, B, & Roselle, L (2020). Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and the New World Order. Routledge.

• Stevens, D (2021). “Social Media, Foreign Policy, and International Relations.” Journal of International Affairs, 74 (1), 145-162.

• Müller, P (2022). “The Digital Transformation of Diplomacy: Challenges and Perspectives.” European Journal of International Relations, 28 (1), 20-40.

• Walsh, K C (2023). “Digital Diplomacy: How Social Media Shapes Foreign Policy.” Global Affairs, 9 (1), 47-64.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

IN life, there are often things we believe we are quite skilled at or have mastered, but in reality, our perceptions and judgments can be mistaken. In this context, the Myanmar saying “the teacher doesn’t teach improperly, the student doesn’t learn properly” carries significant meaning, and we should be mindful of it. There is a vast difference in outcomes between those who follow the methods and systems taught by their teachers and those who work without proper guidance or in a haphazard manner. Here, I will share some personal experiences to illustrate just how important it is to learn and develop skills under the guidance of a good teacher and through proper methods.

This happened during my high school years in 10th grade, 1970. After failing the matriculation examination once, I had to return to school for another year in the same grade. Since it was a class full of repeat students, there wasn’t much discipline.

There were about forty students in the class, and during the times when the teacher wasn’t around, the boys would gather at the back of the classroom and chat. I was among them, too.

One day, four students from our class went missing. After investigating, we found out it was Tun Kyi, Tin Aung, Soe Naing, and Myat Tun. In reality, they hadn’t disappeared at all. They were representing our school as the selected athletes for the Badminton competition at the Pathein District Schools Sports Meet. That’s why they weren’t in class; they had gone to Pathein for the competition.

About three weeks later, Tun Kyi, Tin Aung, and Soe Naing returned, but Myat Tun didn’t come back. I asked Soe Naing, and he told me that Myat Tun had been selected as a district-level athlete and was continuing his training in Pathein. He said that if Myat Tun were selected as a permanent Badminton selection for the upcoming Ayeyawady Region Badminton Competition, he would compete, and if not, he would return. Myat Tun ended up missing school for about two months.

Eventually, he came back after being selected as a representative for Pathein District. He returned only after the competitions were over.

One day, during a time when the teacher couldn’t come to class as usual, the students gathered at the back of the room and started chatting. The conversation covered all sorts of topics, and Myat Tun, in his bold manner, began sharing his fresh experiences as a district-level badminton competitor. I was just sitting there, half-listening to his stories. My friends were listening too, but I had a feeling that, like me, they were secretly feeling a bit envious.

As Myat Tun kept boasting, he suddenly challenged us.

He said that anyone brave enough to play badminton against him could do so, and he would give us a 14-point advantage in a 15-point game. He even suggested that we place a wager on the match!

The wager was set at five kyats.

For those reading this today, it’s worth considering how much five kyats meant around the 1970s compared to today’s value. Back then, five kyats held significant value, and its worth in today’s terms would certainly be much higher.

So, dear readers, you can imagine how much that amount could buy at the time.

All of my friends fell silent, deep in thought. As for me, I began to realize that with a 14-point lead, I only needed to score one point to win. No matter how skilled Myat Tun was, even as a district-level athlete, I was confident I could manage at least that one point.

The thought, “I can win this!” filled my mind, and I boldly accepted his challenge, saying, “I’ll play!” Myat Tun, with a smile, said, “Alright, great! Tomorrow morning at 8 am, let’s meet at the court. Just the two of us. I’ll come pick you up from your house.” He set the match.

At that time, our town had an indoor court where youth and middle-aged badminton enthusiasts would gather. It was located at the back of the cinema, and they had converted it into a proper indoor badminton court. The club was known as the “Myoma Badminton Club.”

On the morning of the match, Myat Tun came to pick me up from my house. His appearance was striking — his skin was fair, and he was dressed entirely in white. He wore a white t-shirt, white shorts, white ankle socks, and white canvas shoes, and he even carried a brand-new white shuttlecock in his hand. On the other hand, he held a brand new Yonex racket.

He looked just like a young prince, and that image of him is still vivid in my mind to this day. Let me describe my situation a little as well. I wasn’t someone who knew how to play badminton properly; I just thought I could manage to score that one point.

Unlike Myat Tun, I didn’t have any fancy outfits. I simply wore an old sleeveless vest and a traditional longyi tied up at the waist. Since I didn’t have my own racket, I stopped by Tin Aung’s house on the way to the court and borrowed one from him.

When we arrived at the court, Myat Tun unlocked the door and turned on the lights. On each side of the court were three four-foot fluorescent lights, brightly illuminating the space.

Under the glow of the lights, Myat Tun, dressed all in white, looked every bit like a young prince. On the opposite side, there I stood, barefoot, in my old sleeveless vest and longyi, ready for the match.

You can imagine the contrast, dear readers!

Before the match started, Myat Tun made a request. He reminded me, “Since I’m giving you a 14-point lead, I’ll start with the serve.” I agreed without much thought. And so, the match began.

As soon as it started, Myat Tun scored one point after another, almost effortlessly. It felt like I was being chased around the court like a dog while he, without breaking a sweat, calmly accumulated points.

Meanwhile, I was running from the front to the back of the court, entirely out of breath, while he didn’t even seem to perspire.

By the time he reached 10 points, I was still at zero, and I was already exhausted. Myat Tun, however, appeared as composed as ever. I started wondering if scoring even a single point was going to be possible. Was he really this good? And could I even manage to win one point in this game?

Before long, the score reached 14-14. Up until this point, I hadn’t even returned a serve that landed on Myat Tun’s side of the court. In other words, I hadn’t managed to hit the shuttlecock onto his side to make it fall on the ground. At 14-all, it was clear that whoever continuously scored the following two points would win. Whether he scored two consecutive points or I somehow managed to do so, the victor would be decided in the next few moments.

By now, dear readers, you might already have an idea who was going to win. Yes, I lost. In a 15-point match, I couldn’t even score a single point. After the game was over, Myat Tun walked over to my side of the court, patted me on the shoulder, and smiled like a true victor. I, on the other hand, reluctantly pulled out the five kyat notes I had tucked in my waistband and handed it to him.

That night, I struggled to sleep well, replaying the events of the day in my mind. Myat Tun and I were the same age, physically similar in appearance, and even shared the same classroom. Yet, in this 15-point badminton match, I couldn’t even manage to score a single point against him. I found myself pondering the reasons behind my defeat.

We were both in the same situation: same age, similar bodies, and equal academic standings, as we were both in the tenth grade. So why was it that I failed to score even one point? I continued to question myself, trying to find answers to my thoughts. However, as the night deepened, I still hadn’t reached any conclusions.

The day’s events were etched in my heart, a reminder of the competition and the need to improve.

After a few months, I finally found the answer I had been seeking, and it came from Myat Tun himself.

Here’s how it went: during that summer break, Myat Tun’s family moved to another city. However, his father stayed behind in our town due to work responsibilities. Unfortunately, Myat Tun’s father got married again to a lady in his office, and now he was living with his new wife. Being the eldest in his family, Myat Tun would return to our town about every two months to visit his father for various family affairs. During these visits, he often stayed at my house for about three or four days.

One time, he asked me, “Aren’t you going to learn how to play badminton?” He mentioned that he could teach me. I listened intently as he spoke. He had been away from our class for about two months, participating in a selection process in Pathein District, where he had been training. One day, the Pathein District team travelled to Yangon for further training, coinciding with a time when the Aung San Stadium in Yangon was hosting a workshop with the Chinese Selection Team for national badminton selectors from Myanmar. During that training, they were fortunate enough to receive instruction in badminton techniques and Chinese methods from the national and Chinese coaches. At that moment, China was at the top of the badminton atmosphere across the world.

I have now clearly understood the answer. I have learned the lesson that there is a significant difference between someone who has been properly taught and trained by a good teacher in a systematic way and someone who knows nothing at all, like a complete novice. No matter how similar in age, appearance, or educational qualifications, I have realized that I can never match someone like Myat Tun, who good teachers have taught in a disciplined manner. That’s the answer I’ve come to understand. 

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar

AVIAN influenza, caused by the H5N1 virus, began spreading globally in 2008. The virus initially spread among animals and then to humans who came into contact with infected animals. Severe cases of avian influenza can be fatal.

In early October, Vietnamese state media reported that dozens of tigers died in southern Vietnam zoos following a bird flu outbreak. Since August, 47 tigers, three lions, and a panther have succumbed to the H5N1 virus at Vuon Xoai Zoo near Ho Chi Minh City and My Quynh Safari Park in Long An province. No human infections were reported.

In 1997, as bird flu claimed lives in Hong Kong, approximately 1.5 million chickens were culled to prevent an outbreak in the region. In early 2004, a significant bird flu outbreak occurred in Thailand, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan, leading to the deaths of 21 people. According to surveys, between 2003 and 2024, a total of 889 people across 23 countries were infected by the H5N1 virus. Of these, 463 died, representing 52 per cent of those infected, as reported by the World Health Organization.

Currently, people worldwide are facing outbreaks of infectious diseases. Of these, 75 per cent of the diseases that have emerged globally in the past two decades were zoonotic, meaning they were transmitted from animals to humans. As a result, it has become increasingly difficult to separate animal health from human health due to the unexpected rise in infectious diseases.

Biosecurity is crucial in poultry farming. Farmers must follow animal health protocols from relevant authorities to protect both their animals and themselves from dangerous viruses. By prioritizing biosecurity for chickens, ducks, quails, and other livestock, farmers can safeguard their animals and their own health.

The Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary in Myanmar has issued guidelines for operating animal farms. Farmers and farm workers must wash their hands with soap after working with chickens, ducks, and quails. Additionally, people should thoroughly cook meat and eggs to ensure they are safe for consumption. Following these practices can help prevent bird flu infections in daily life. 

Practising personal hygiene and keeping poultry farms neat and tidy are crucial to preventing bird flu and cutting the chain of infection in the community. Local authorities have to take preventive measures whenever they receive information about bird flu from all over the world and warn the breeders of bird flu infection in time.

NO ONE can stand alone in society. As living beings, humans inherently need to foster friendships and seek meaningful partnerships. In fact, individuals are not always saints or enlightened beings – those considered the noblest in various religions – who can maintain sincerity at all times. Our mindsets change constantly, and therefore, no one can guarantee that an individual can sustain genuine fraternity based on sincerity forever.

Forging genuine friendship among individuals

The term “genuine friendship” may seem unfamiliar to some people. In reality, genuine friendship can often be intertwined with insincere actions from those who feign a positive mindset in society while their true intentions are not sincere. Their motivations may be rooted in deceitful behaviours, and they do not seek to cultivate meaningful partnerships with others. Such actions are detrimental to social relationships. Unfortunately, those who advocate for the necessity of genuine friendship may sometimes fall victim to these deceitful individuals.

This topic does not focus on wanting to express genuine friendship between one person and another. Rather, it aims to address the insincerity often present, especially among young people, who might pretend to be friendly with someone they actually have romantic feelings for.

For example, some guys pretend to be friendly with some girls in an attempt to propose their love to those girls one day. So, those guys initiate their movements before proposing their love for girls. It can be said that their actions are not sincere for friendship.

Those males and females culturing so-called friendliness are not concerned with this topic.

The main point is that when two people become friends, regardless of whether they are of the same gender or different genders – they may be a male and another male or, a male and a female or a female and another female. In this case, it is important for them to have a sincere attitude towards each other.

It is very important that between individuals, there should be no exploitation of each other’s weaknesses, no harsh criticisms, and a focus on helping and supporting one another. In fact, it is public ethics for all. Actually, such public ethics are being practised in Myanmar’s society. It is important to respect each other and work together. If everybody has a good relationship, they should monitor the expectations somebody set for each other. Anybody should not act in ways that harm their friend’s interests. If you discover any harm to someone’s interests, you should speak up to prevent it. You should also avoid making negative comments. Even if you encounter misunderstandings from your friends regarding your actions, you must have the courage to intervene and prevent them from making mistakes or straying onto the wrong path for their own sake. Importantly, genuine friends must uphold a concept that they must dare to serve the interests of each other, avoiding inappropriate actions, pretending, one-sided exploitation and influence, and having no hegemony attitude.

Fake friendliness

Some people, who are only focused on finding weaknesses and exploiting them tend to jump at opportunities to enhance their own interests while overlooking the good of their friends. Those individuals will eventually end up on a list of friends to avoid. You will know for yourself where you belong on that list. In reality, friendship is a secondary relationship in life. Siblings and family are the primary connections, no matter how bad things may get. Blood ties are unbreakable. Friendship is formed after surpassing those familial bonds, making it a secondary relationship.

The title ‘unscrupulous friends’ is harsh, but it is difficult to find a better term for them. Everyone should avoid friends like this. In truth, they should not even be called ‘friends’, as that word does not fit people like them. They are more like enemies, as they are close enough to cause harm or threats to those they claim to befriend, lacking sincerity and loyalty. As those unfaithful friends cannot be compared with genuine friends, the status of those persons who lack loyalty is very far from the family members. Indeed, even family members with bad attitudes are better than those disloyal friends.

Good friendliness

In reality, everyone has experienced that having a true friend can be more reassuring and dependable than having blood relatives. Good friends are those who, despite being very close for years, are always ready to help you in times of need. I want to challenge the saying that having one enemy is enough when you have a hundred friends. Instead, I want to say that having a true friend is far more valuable than having a hundred enemies; with a true friend, you can truly enjoy life.

Actually, no one can be fully defined forever. Generally, it is true that disloyal and insincere friends are a danger to genuine friendship. On the other hand, true friends are dependable as well as reliable, standing by their partners in times of emergency and trouble. These loyal friends are ready to give a helping hand to their partners in any situation, even when facing difficulties themselves. If you want to know the character of true friends, you should look for them during times of crisis. True friends will prove to be better than siblings. If you have a true friend, consider yourself lucky.

Living a thousand miles apart A true friend is someone with whom you may live a thousand miles apart, yet your hearts are very close. Even though there are many people around you, we live in a time where there are often those who only watch to take advantage of you or bring you harm.

Though living more than a thousand miles apart, two faithful friends remain connected through shared thoughts and perceptions. Despite the distance, they prioritize staying informed about each other to offer support whenever needed. Their help is given freely, without any expectation of return, as a form of sacrifice. Both deeply understand each other’s minds and souls, always seeing opportunities to assist their friends as acts of kindness. The actions of true friends may seem strange to those who are used to exploiting opportunities for selfish gain.

Sacrifices in friendship If you truly cherish your friendships, you cannot just take advantage of them without consideration. You should think about how you can bring benefits to your friends. Always keep an ear open to their circumstances and be ready to help in times of need.

You should reflect on what you have already given to your friends. It is important to be content with the sacrifices you make for their well-being. For friends who have a mutual desire to support each other, life’s journey will be filled with joy and blessings.

In this regard, the acts of sacrifice between two true friends are endless, rooted in esprit de corps. In genuine friendship, true friends never keep track of the gratitude they owe each other, but they always remember the gratitude of others. They strive daily to find the right moment to repay these debts of gratitude. This is a beautiful concept for all humanity and societies. If everyone upheld this kind of moral integrity, society would flourish with prosperity, peace, and happiness, and conflicts and wars could be avoided.

Ethics in friendship 

There is one more thing. If friendships are genuine, you should be aware of and avoid any deceitful or manipulative behaviours towards each other. Making something non-existent seem real is truly shameful. Manipulation is the work of weak individuals. If friends start speaking deceitfully to one another, it shows that the one doing so is genuinely unfulfilled. You should also reflect on whether the words you say come off as manipulative. Why? It is because manipulation can lead to emotional turmoil. The consequence is that it can cause friends to feel disappointed and hurt.

In this case, I would like to share one of my experiences with all of you. Around 2001, while I was working in Mandalay, I had a friend. At the time, I thought we shared the same mindset. He was very skilled at his job but was constantly boasting. He always

sought to gain privileges over me in various ways and never contributed to shared expenses.

For instance, whenever we had snacks or tea, he never offered to pay. However, I overlooked this because his salary was lower than mine.

Over time, he began trying to dominate us and interfere in my affairs. He consistently showcased his own strengths but never acknowledged the accomplishments of others. I realized that he was jealously competing with me in all aspects, even though his position at the workplace was lower than mine, he was also younger than me. As a result, I gradually became disappointed by his inappropriate behaviours.

One day, he called me at midnight. When I answered, he bragged – without any real reason– that his wife had been selected to go abroad. Despite usually avoiding calls to save money, he had no problem disturbing my sleep to boast about his wife’s trip. How ironic! Generally, he never called others when he did not have any reasons for boasting. I had experienced similar occurrences of his inappropriate actions several times. When I could no longer tolerate his behaviours, I cut off all contact with him, and we have not spoken since.

Understanding inappropriate acts and words However, if true friendships really exist, then there is no reason for such deceitful behaviours to occur. Those who understand how certain actions and words can impact genuine friendships will consciously avoid them. If manipulation does happen, it is common for one friend to forgive the other, as both sides may have experienced it themselves.

In fact, forgiveness and patience are still essential qualities in relationships among true friends, even if they are not explicitly stated. Nevertheless, you may have also observed that these qualities of forgiveness and patience are rarely taken for granted among genuine friends.

In fact, intentional or unintentional acts of boasting and deceit may sometimes occur between two friends. These actions can be analyzed based on the context of their conversations. True friends, however, are open with each other and regularly reflect on their behaviour to ensure it is not perceived as boasting. This self-awareness is simply part of being true friends. Daily interactions between them continue, and in summary, both are keen to preserve their strong bond by avoiding any inappropriate actions or words.

Self-analysis on having honesty in friendship 

In this case, honesty in friendship means that when friends come together, they should be free of expectations and hidden agendas. If people can genuinely relate to each other without deceit, then true friends can emerge. If this doesn’t happen, then friendships may only exist at a superficial level, like fleeting appearances of characters in a movie. You might find yourself in a situation where your friendships are just passing acquaintances instead of genuine connections. You can also reflect on what type of friend you are and how you contribute to those relationships.

In this fleeting human existence, where we only have a moment like a bubble, I hope that everyone encounters true friends and builds genuine relationships. May you also be able to embrace your friends with the spirit of true friendship.

Source- The Global New Light of Myanmar